Therapeutic agents useful for treating pain

ABSTRACT

A compound of formula: 
                         
wherein X is S or O and A, R 1 -R 4 , n, and m are disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (a “Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound”), compositions comprising a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound, and methods for treating or preventing pain, UI, an ulcer, IBD and IBS in an animal comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound are disclosed herein.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/416,525, filed Oct. 8, 2002; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/413,155, filed Sep. 25, 2002; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/411,020, filed Sep. 17, 2002; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/398,594, filed Jul. 26, 2002, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds, compositions comprising an effective amount of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound and methods for treating or preventing pain, urinary incontinence (UI), an ulcer, inflammatory-bowel disease (IBD), irritable-bowel syndrome (IBS), an addictive disorder, Parkinson's disease, parkinsonism, anxiety, epilepsy, stroke, a seizure, a pruritic condition, psychosis, a cognitive disorder, a memory deficit, restricted brain function, Huntington's chorea, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), dementia, retinopathy, a muscle spasm, a migraine, vomiting, dyskinesia or depression, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound.

1. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Pain is the most common symptom for which patients seek medical advice and treatment. Pain can be acute or chronic. While acute pain is usually self-limited, chronic pain persists for 3 months or longer and can lead to significant changes in a patient's personality, lifestyle, functional ability and overall quality of life (K. M. Foley, Pain, in Cecil Textbook of Medicine 100-107 (J. C. Bennett and F. Plum eds., 20th ed. 1996)).

Moreover, chronic pain can be classified as either nociceptive or neuropathic. Nociceptive pain includes tissue injury-induced pain and inflammatory pain such as that associated with arthritis. Neuropathic pain is caused by damage to the peripheral or cental nervous system and is maintained by aberrant somatosensory processing. There is a large body of evidence relating activity at both Group I mGluRs (mGluR1 and mGluR5) (M. E. Fundytus, CNS Drugs 15:29-58 (2001)) and vanilloid receptors (VR1) (V. Di Marzo et al., Current Opinion in Neurobiology 12:372-379 (2002)) to pain processing. Inhibiting mGluR1 or mGluR5 reduces pain, as shown by in vivo treatment with antibodies selective for either mGluR1 or mGluR5, where neuropathic pain in rats was attenuated (M. E. Fundytus et al., NeuroReport 9:731-735 (1998)). It has also been shown that antisense oligonucleotide knockdown of mGluR1 alleviates both neuropathic and inflammatory pain (M. E. Fundytus et al., British Journal of Pharmacology 132:354-367 (2001); M. E. Fundytus et al., Pharmacology, Biochemsitry & Behavior 73:401-410 (2002)). Small molecule antagonists for mGluR5-attenuated pain in in vivo animal models are disclosed in, e.g., K. Walker et al., Neuropharmacology 40:1-9 (2000) and A. Dogrul et al., Neuroscience Letters 292:115-118 (2000)).

Nociceptive pain has been traditionally managed by administering non-opioid analgesics, such as acetylsalicylic acid, choline magnesium trisalicylate, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, fenoprofen, diflusinal, and naproxen; or opioid analgesics, including morphine, hydromorphone, methadone, levorphanol, fentanyl, oxycodone, and oxymorphone. Id. In addition to the above-listed treatments, neuropathic pain, which can be difficult to treat, has also been treated with anti-epileptics (e.g. gabapentin, carbamazepine, valproic acid, topiramate, phenytoin), NMDA antagonists (e.g. ketamine, dextromethorphan), topical lidocaine (for post-herpetic neuralgia), and tricyclic antidepressants (e.g. fluoxetine, sertraline and amitriptyline).

Pain has been traditionally managed by administering non-opioid analgesics, such as acetylsalicylic acid, choline magnesium trisalicylate, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, fenoprofen, diflusinal, and naproxen; or opioid analgesics, including morphine, hydromorphone, methadone, levorphanol, fentanyl, oxycodone, and oxymorphone. Id.

Urinary incontinence (“UI”) is uncontrollable urination, generally caused by bladder-detrusor-muscle instability. UI affects people of all ages and levels of physical health, both in health care settings and in the community at large. At present, UI afflicts 15-30% of elderly people living at home, one-third of those living in acute-care settings, and at least one-half of those living in long-term care institutions (R. M. Resnick, Lancet 346:94 (1995)). Persons having UI are predisposed to also having urinary-tract infections, pressure ulcers, perineal rashes and urosepsis. Psychosocially, UI is associated with embarrassment, social stigmatization, depression and a risk of institutionalization (Herzo et al., Annu. Rev. Gerontol. Geriatr. 9:74 (1989)). Economically, the costs of UI are great; in the United States alone, health-care costs associated with UI are over $15 billion per annum.

Physiologic bladder contraction results in large part from acetylcholine-induced stimulation of post-ganglionic muscarinic-receptor sites on bladder smooth muscle. Treatments for UI include the administration of drugs having bladder-relaxant properties, which help to control bladder-detrusor-muscle overactivity. For example, anticholinergics such as propantheline bromide and glycopyrrolate, and combinations of smooth-muscle relaxants such as a combination of racemic oxybutynin and dicyclomine or an anticholinergic, have been used to treat UI (See, e.g., A. J. Wein, Urol. Clin. N. Am. 22:557-577 (1995); Levin et al., J. Urol. 128:396-398 (1982); Cooke et al., S. Afr. Med. J. 63:3 (1983); R. K. Mirakhur et al., Anaesthesia 38:1195-1204 (1983)). These drugs are not effective, however, in all patients having uninhibited bladder contractions. Administration of anticholinergic medications represent the mainstay of this type of treatment.

None of the existing commercial drug treatments for UI has achieved complete success in all classes of UI patients, nor has treatment occurred without significant adverse side effects. For example, drowsiness, dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, headaches, tachycardia, and cardiac arrhythmia, which are related to the anticholinergic activity of traditional anti-UI drugs, can occur frequently and adversely affect patient compliance. Yet despite the prevalence of unwanted anticholinergic effects in many patients, anticholinergic drugs are currently prescribed for patients having UI. The Merck Manual of Medical Information 631-634 (R. Berkow ed., 1997).

Ulcers are sores occurring where the lining of the digestive tract has been eroded by stomach acids or digestive juices. The sores are typically well-defined round or oval lesions primarily occurring in the stomach and duodenum. About 1 in 10 people develop an ulcer. Ulcers develop as a result of an imbalance between acid-secretory factors, also known as “aggressive factors,” such as stomach acid, pepsin, and Helicobacter pylori infection, and local mucosal-protective factors, such as secretion of bicarbonate, mucus, and prostaglandins.

Treatment of ulcers typically involves reducing or inhibiting the aggressive factors. For example, antacids such as aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, and calcium bicarbonate can be used to neutralize stomach acids. Antacids, however, can cause alkalosis, leading to nausea, headache, and weakness. Antacids can also interfere with the absorption of other drugs into the blood stream and cause diarrhea.

H₂ antagonists, such as cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, and nizatidine, are also used to treat ulcers. H₂ antagonists promote ulcer healing by reducing gastric acid and digestive-enzyme secretion elicited by histamine and other H₂ agonists in the stomach and duodenum. H₂ antagonists, however, can cause breast enlargement and impotence in men, mental changes (especially in the elderly), headache, dizziness, nausea, myalgia, diarrhea, rash, and fever.

H⁺, K⁺—ATPase inhibitors such as omeprazole and lansoprazole are also used to treat ulcers. H⁺, K⁺—ATPase inhibitors inhibit the production of enzymes used by the stomach to secrete acid. Side effects associated with H⁺, K⁺—ATPase inhibitors include nausea, diarrhea, abdominal colic, headache, dizziness, somnolence, skin rashes, and transient elevations of plasma activities of aminotransferases.

Sucraflate is also used to treat ulcers. Sucraflate adheres to epithelial cells and is believed to form a protective coating at the base of an ulcer to promote healing. Sucraflate, however, can cause constipation, dry mouth, and interfere with the absorption of other drugs.

Antibiotics are used when Helicobacter pylori is the underlying cause of the ulcer. Often antibiotic therapy is coupled with the administration of bismuth compounds such as bismuth subsalicylate and colloidal bismuth citrate. The bismuth compounds are believed to enhance secretion of mucous and HCO₃ ⁻, inhibit pepsin activity, and act as an antibacterial against H. pylori. Ingestion of bismuth compounds, however, can lead to elevated plasma concentrations of Bi⁺³ and can interfere with the absorption of other drugs.

Prostaglandin analogues, such as misoprostal, inhibit secretion of acid and stimulate the secretion of mucous and bicarbonate and are also used to treat ulcers, especially ulcers in patients who require nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Effective oral doses of prostaglandin analogues, however, can cause diarrhea and abdominal cramping. In addition, some prostaglandin analogues are abortifacients.

Carbenoxolone, a mineral corticoid, can also be used to treat ulcers. Carbenoxolone appears to alter the composition and quantity of mucous, thereby enhancing the mucosal barrier. Carbenoxolone, however, can lead to Na⁺ and fluid retention, hypertension, hypokalemia, and impaired glucose tolerance.

Muscarinic cholinergic antagonists such as pirenzapine and telenzapine can also be used to reduce acid secretion and treat ulcers. Side effects of muscarinic cholinergic antagonists include dry mouth, blurred vision, and constipation. The Merck Manual of Medical Information 496-500 (R. Berkow ed., 1997) and Goodman and Gilman 's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 901-915 (J. Hardman and L. Limbird eds., 9^(th) ed. 1996).

Irritable-bowel disease (“IBD”) is a chronic disorder in which the bowel becomes inflamed, often causing recurring abdominal cramps and diarrhea. The two types of IBD are Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

Crohn's disease, which can include regional enteritis, granulomatous ileitis, and ileocolitis, is a chronic inflammation of the intestinal wall. Crohn's disease occurs equally in both sexes and is more common in Jews of eastern-European ancestry. Most cases of Crohn's disease begin before age 30 and the majority start between the ages of 14 and 24. The disease typically affects the full thickness of the intestinal wall. Generally the disease affects the lowest portion of the small intestine (ileum) and the large intestine, but can occur in any part of the digestive tract.

Early symptoms of Crohn's disease are chronic diarrhea, crampy abdominal pain, fever, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Complications associated with Crohn's disease include the development of intestinal obstructions, abnormal connecting channels (fistulas), and abscesses. The risk of cancer of the large intestine is increased in people who have Crohn's disease. Often Crohn's disease is associated with other disorders such as gallstones, inadequate absorption of nutrients, amyloidosis, arthritis, episcleritis, aphthous stomatitis, erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum, ankylosing spondylitis, sacroilitis, uveitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis. There is no known cure for Crohn's disease.

Cramps and diarrhea, side effects associated with Crohn's disease, can be relieved by anticholinergic drugs, diphenoxylate, loperamide, deodorized opium tincture, or codeine. Generally, the drug is taken orally before a meal.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are often administered to treat the symptoms of Crohn's disease. The antibiotic metronidazole is often administered when the disease affects the large intestine or causes abscesses and fistulas around the anus. Long-term use of metronidazole, however, can damage nerves, resulting in pins-and-needles sensations in the arms and legs. Sulfasalazine and chemically related drugs can suppress mild inflammation, especially in the large intestine. These drugs, however, are less effective in sudden, severe flare-ups. Corticosteroids, such as prednisone, reduce fever and diarrhea and relieve abdominal pain and tenderness. Long-term corticosteroid therapy, however, invariably results in serious side effects such as high blood-sugar levels, increased risk of infection, osteoporosis, water retention, and fragility of the skin. Drugs such as azathioprine and mercaptourine can compromise the immune system and are often effective for Crohn's disease in patients that do not respond to other drugs. These drugs, however, usually need 3 to 6 months before they produce benefits and can cause serious side effects such as allergy, pancreatitis, and low white-blood-cell count.

When Crohn's disease causes the intestine to be obstructed or when abscesses or fistulas do not heal, surgery can be necessary to remove diseased sections of the intestine. Surgery, however, does not cure the disease, and inflammation tends to recur where the intestine is rejoined. In almost half of the cases a second operation is needed. The Merck Manual of Medical Information 528-530 (R. Berkow ed., 1997).

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic disease in which the large intestine becomes inflamed and ulcerated, leading to episodes of bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever. Ulcerative colitis usually begins between ages 15 and 30; however, a small group of people have their first attack between ages 50 and 70. Unlike Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis never affects the small intestine and does not affect the full thickness of the intestine. The disease usually begins in the rectum and the sigmoid colon and eventually spreads partially or completely throughout the large intestine. The cause of ulcerative colitis is unknown.

Treatment of ulcerative colitis is directed to controlling inflammation, reducing symptoms, and replacing lost fluids and nutrients. Anticholinergic drugs and low doses of diphenoxylate or loperamide are administered for treating mild diarrhea. For more intense diarrhea higher doses of diphenoxylate or loperamide, or deodorized opium tincture or codeine are administered. Sulfasalazine, olsalazine, prednisone, or mesalamine can be used to reduce inflammation. Azathioprine and mercaptopurine have been used to maintain remissions in ulcerative-colitis patients who would otherwise need long-term corticosteroid treatment. In severe cases of ulcerative colitis the patient is hospitalized and given corticosteroids intravenously. People with severe rectal bleeding can require transfusions and intravenous fluids. If toxic colitis develops and treatments fail, surgery to remove the large intestine can be necessary. Non-emergency surgery can be performed if cancer is diagnosed, precancerous lesions are detected, or unremitting chronic disease would otherwise make the person an invalid or dependent on high doses of corticosteroids. Complete removal of the large intestine and rectum permanently cures ulcerative colitis. The Merck Manual of Medical Information 530-532 (R. Berkow ed., 1997) and Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (J. Hardman and L. Limbird eds., 9^(th) ed. 1996).

Inflammatory-bowel syndrome (“IBS”) is a disorder of motility of the entire gastrointestinal tract, causing abdominal pain, constipation, and/or diarrhea. IBS affects three-times more women than men. In IBS stimuli such as stress, diet, drugs, hormones, or irritants can cause the gastrointestinal tract to contract abnormally. During an episode of IBS, contractions of the gastrointestinal tract become stronger and more frequent, resulting in the rapid transit of food and feces through the small intestine, often leading to diarrhea. Cramps result from the strong contractions of the large intestine and increased sensitivity of pain receptors in the large intestine.

There are two major types of IBS. The first type, spastic-colon type, is commonly triggered by eating, and usually produces periodic constipation and diarrhea with pain. Mucous often appears in the stool. The pain can come in bouts of continuous dull aching pain or cramps, usually in the lower abdomen. The person suffering from spastic-colon type IBS can also experience bloating, gas, nausea, headache, fatigue, depression, anxiety, and difficulty concentrating. The second type of IBS usually produces painless diarrhea or constipation. The diarrhea can begin suddenly and with extreme urgency. Often the diarrhea occurs soon after a meal and can sometimes occur immediately upon awakening.

Treatment of IBS typically involves modification of an IBS-patient's diet. Often it is recommended that an IBS patient avoid beans, cabbage, sorbitol, and fructose. A low-fat, high-fiber diet can also help some IBS patients. Regular physical activity can also help keep the gastrointestinal tract functioning properly. Drugs such as propantheline that slow the function of the gastrointestinal tract are generally not effective for treating IBS. Antidiarrheal drugs, such as diphenoxylate and loperamide, help with diarrhea. The Merck Manual of Medical Information 525-526 (R. Berkow ed., 1997).

Many drugs can cause physical and/or psychological addiction. Those most well known types of these drugs include opiates, such as heroin, opium, and morphine; sympathomimetics, including cocaine and amphetamines; sedative-hypnotics, including alcohol, benzodiazepines and barbiturates; and nicotine, which has effects similar to opioids and sympathomimetics. Drug addiction is characterized by a craving or compulsion for taking the drug and an inability to limit its intake. Additionally, drug dependence is associated with drug tolerance, the loss of effect of the drug following repeated administration, and withdrawal, the appearance of physical and behavioral symptoms when the drug is not consumed. Sensitization occurs if repeated administration of a drug leads to an increased response to each dose. Tolerance, sensitization, and withdrawal are phenomena evidencing a change in the central nervous system resulting from continued use of the drug. This change can motivate the addicted individual to continue consuming the drug despite serious social, legal, physical and/or professional consequences. (See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,109,269 to Rise et al.).

Certain pharmaceutical agents have been administered for treating addiction. U.S. Pat. No. 5,556,838 to Mayer et al. discloses the use of nontoxic NMDA-blocking agents co-administered with an addictive substance to prevent the development of tolerance or withdrawal symptoms. U.S. Pat. No. 5,574,052 to Rose et al. discloses co-administration of an addictive substance with an antagonist to partially block the pharmacological effects of the addictive substance. U.S. Pat. No. 5,075,341 to Mendelson et al. discloses the use of a mixed opiate agonist/antagonist to treat cocaine and opiate addiction. U.S. Pat. No. 5,232,934 to Downs discloses administration of 3-phenoxypyridine to treat addiction. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,039,680 and 5,198,459 to Imperato et al. disclose using a serotonin antagonist to treat chemical addiction. U.S. Pat. No. 5,556,837 to Nestler et. al. discloses infusing BDNF or NT-4 growth factors to inhibit or reverse neurological adaptive changes that correlate with behavioral changes in an addicted individual. U.S. Pat. No. 5,762,925 to Sagan discloses implanting encapsulated adrenal medullary cells into an animal's central nervous system to inhibit the development of opioid intolerance. U.S. Pat. No. 6,204,284 to Beer et al. discloses racemic (±)-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane for use in the prevention or relief of a withdrawal syndrome resulting from addiction to drugs and for the treatment of chemical dependencies.

Parkinson's disease is a clinical syndrome comprising bradykinesia (slowness and poverty of movement), muscular rigidity, resting tremor (which usually abates during voluntary movement), and an impairment of postural balance leading to disturbance of gait and falling. The features of Parkinson's disease are a loss of pigmented, dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta and the appearance of intracellular inclusions known as Lewy bodies (Goodman and Gillman 's The Pharmaceutical Basis of Therapeutics 506 (9^(th) ed. 1996)). Without treatment, Parkinson's disease progresses to a rigid akinetic state in which patients are incapable of caring for themselves. Death frequently results from complications of immobility, including aspiration pneumonia or pulmonary embolism. Drugs commonly used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease include carbidopa/levodopa, pergolide, bromocriptine, selegiline, amantadine, and trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride. There remains, however, a need for drugs useful for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and having an improved therapeutic profile.

Anxiety is a fear, apprehension, or dread of impending danger often accompanied by restlessness, tension, tachycardia, and dyspnea. Other symptoms commonly associated with anxiety include depression, especially accompanied with dysthymic disorder (chronic “neurotic” depression); panic disorder; agoraphobia and other specific phobias; eating disorders; and many personality disorders. Often anxiety is unattached to a clearly identified treatable primary illness. If a primary illness is found, however, it can be desirable to deal with the anxiety at the same time as the primary illness.

Currently, benzodiazepines are the most commonly used anti-anxiety agents for generalized anxiety disorder. Benzodiazepines, however, carry the risk of producing impairment of cognition and skilled motor functions, particularly in the elderly, which can result in confusion, delerium, and falls with fractures. Sedatives are also commonly prescribed for treating anxiety. The azapirones, such as buspirone, are also used to treat moderate anxiety. The azapirones, however, are less useful for treating severe anxiety accompanied with panic attacks.

Epilepsy is a disorder characterized by the tendency to have recurring seizures. The etiology commonly consists of lesions in some part of the cortex, such as a tumor; developmental malformation; or damage due to trauma or stroke. In some cases the etiology is genetic. An epileptic seizure can be triggered by repetitive sounds, flashing lights, video games, or touching certain parts of the body. Epilepsy is typically treated with anti-seizure drugs. In epilepsy cases, where anti-seizure drugs are ineffective, and the defect in the brain is isolated to a small area of the brain, surgical removal of that part of the brain can be helpful in alleviating the seizures. In patients who have several sources for the seizures or who have seizures that spread quickly to all parts of the brain, surgical removal of the nerve fibers that connect the two sides of the brain can be helpful.

Examples of drugs for treating a seizure and epilepsy include carbamazepine, ethosuximide, gabapentin, lamotrigine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, valproic acid, trimethadione, benzodiazepines, γ-vinyl GABA, acetazolamide, and felbamate. Anti-seizure drugs, however, can have side effects such as drowsiness; hyperactivity; hallucinations; inability to concentrate; central and peripheral nervous system toxicity, such as nystagmus, ataxia, diplopia, and vertigo; gingival hyperplasia; gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, and anorexia; endocrine effects such as inhibition of antidiuretic hormone, hyperglycemia, glycosuria, osteomalacia; and hypersensitivity such as scarlatiniform rash, morbilliform rash, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and hepatic necrosis; and hematological reactions such as red-cell aplasia, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, aplastic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. The Merck Manual ofMedical Information 345-350 (R. Berkow ed., 1997).

A seizure is the result of abnormal electrical discharge in the brain. The discharge can involve a small area of the brain and lead to the person only noticing an odd taste or smell or it can involve a large area of the brain and lead to convulsions, i.e., a seizure that causes jerking and spasms of the muscles throughout the body. Convulsions can also result in brief attacks of altered consciousness and loss of consciousness, muscle control, or bladder control. A seizures is often preceded by auras, i.e., unusual sensations of smell, taste, or vision or an intense feeling that a seizure is about to begin. A seizure typically lasts for about 2 to 5 minutes. When the seizure ends the person can have headache, sore muscles, unusual sensations, confusion, and profound fatigue (postictal state). Usually the person cannot remember what happened during the seizure.

A stroke or cerebrovascular accident, is the death of brain tissue (cerebral infarction) resulting from the lack of blood flow and insufficient oxygen to the brain. A stroke can be either ischemic or hemorrhagic. In an ischemic stroke, blood supply to the brain is cut off because of atherosclerosis or a blood clot that has blocked a blood vessel. In a hemorrhagic stroke, a blood vessel bursts preventing normal blood flow and allowing blood to leak into an area of the brain and destroying it. Most strokes develop rapidly and cause brain damage within minutes. In some cases, however, strokes can continue to worsen for several hours or days. Symptoms of strokes vary depending on what part of the brain is effected. Symptoms include loss or abnormal sensations in an arm or leg or one side of the body, weakness or paralysis of an arm or leg or one side of the body, partial loss of vision or hearing, double vision, dizziness, slurred speech, difficulty in thinking of the appropriate word or saying it, inability to recognize parts of the body, unusual movements, loss of bladder control, imbalance, and falling, and fainting. The symptoms can be permanent and can be associated with coma or stupor. Strokes can cause edema or swelling of the brain which can further damage brain tissue. For persons suffering from a stroke, intensive rehabilitation can help overcome the disability caused by impairment of brain tissue. Rehabilitation trains other parts of the brain to assume the tasks previously performed by the damaged part.

Examples of drugs for treating strokes include anticoagulants such as heparin, drugs that break up clots such as streptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator, and drugs that reduce swelling such as mannitol or corticosteroids. The Merck Manual of Medical Information 352-355 (R. Berkow ed., 1997).

Pruritus is an unpleasant sensation that prompts scratching. Pruritus can be attributed to dry skin, scabies, dermatitis, herpetiformis, atopic dermatitis, pruritus vulvae et ani, miliaria, insect bites, pediculosis, contact dermatitis, drug reactions, urticaria, urticarial eruptions of pregnancy, psoriasis, lichen planus, lichen simplex chronicus, exfoliative dermatitis, folliculitis, bullous pemphigoid, and fiberglass dermatitis. Conventionally, pruritus is treated by phototherapy with ultraviolet B or PUVA or with therapeutic agents such as naltrexone, nalmefene, danazol, tricyclics, and antidepressants.

Selective antagonists of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (“mGluR5”) have been shown to exert analgesic activity in in vivo animal models (K. Walker et al., Neuropharmacology 40:1-9 (2000) and A. Dogrul et al., Neuroscience Letters, 292(2): 115-118 (2000)).

Selective antagonists of the mGluR5 receptor have also been shown to exert anxiolytic and anti-depressant activity in in vivo animal models (E. Tatarczynska et al., Br. J. Pharmacol. 132(7):1423-1430 (2001) and P. J. M. Will et al., Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 22(7):331-37 (2001)).

Selective antagonists of the mGluR5 receptor have also been shown to exert anti-Parkinson activity in vivo (K. J. Ossowska et al., Neuropharmacology 41(4):413-20 (2001) and P. J. M. Will et al., Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 22(7):331-37 (2001)).

Selective antagonists of the mGluR5 receptor have also been shown to exert anti-dependence activity in vivo (C. Chiamulera et al., Nature Neuroscience 4(9):873-74 (2001)).

U.S. Pat. No. 5,607,936 to Chiang et al. discloses a class of aryl piperazine compounds allegedly useful for treating inflammatory diseases, pain, or migraine.

International publication no. WO 00/42852 discloses a class of substituted heterocyclic compounds allegedly useful as modulators, agonists, or antagonists of the CCR5 receptor.

European patent publication no. EP 1 122 242 discloses cyanophenyl and nitrophenyl compounds allegedly having antiandrogen activity.

International publication no. WO 02/06234 discloses a class of sulfone compounds allegedly useful as blood anti-coagulants.

Japanese patent application no. 10-7572 discloses substituted piperazine compounds that allegedly are inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor.

International publication no. WO 02/074743 discloses aryl substituted alicyclic compounds that allegedly inhibit αvβ3 integrin.

Japanese patent application no. 2001-328938 discloses cyanophenyl derivatives that allegedly have anti-androgen activity and are useful for the treatment of prostrate cancer and prostrate hypertrophy.

Japanese patent application no. 2001-261657 discloses cyanophenyl derivatives that allegedly have anti-androgen activity.

There remains, however, a clear need in the art for new drugs useful for treating or preventing pain, UI, an ulcer, IBD, IBS, an addictive disorder, Parkinson's disease, parkinsonism, anxiety, epilepsy, stroke, a seizure, a pruritic condition, psychosis, a cognitive disorder, a memory deficit, restricted brain function, Huntington's chorea, ALS, dementia, retinopathy, a muscle spasm, a migraine, vomiting, dyskinesia, or depression.

Citation of any reference in Section 2 of this application is not to be construed as an admission that such reference is prior art to the present application.

2. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention encompasses compounds having the formula (I):

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:

A is —NH—, —N(C₁-C₆)alkyl-, or —N—(O—C₁-C₆ alkyl)-;

R₁ is -halo, —CH₃, —NO₂, —CN, —OH, —OCH₃, —NH₂, C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or —CH₂(halo);

each R₂ is independently:

-   -   (a) -halo, —OH, or —NH₂;     -   (b) —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl,         —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl,         —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl,         —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to         7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to         10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted         or substituted with one or more R₅ groups; or     -   (c) -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to         10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or         substituted with one or more R₆ groups;

each R₃ is independently:

-   -   (a) -halo, —CN, —OH, —NO₂, or —NH₂;     -   (b) —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl,         —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl,         —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl,         —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to         7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to         10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted         or substituted with one or more R₅ groups; or     -   (c) -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to         10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or         substituted with one or more R₆ groups;

R₄ is:

-   -   (a) —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl,         —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl,         —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl,         —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to         7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to         10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted         or substituted with one or more R₅ groups; or     -   (b) -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to         10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or         substituted with one or more R₆ groups;

each R₅ is independently —CN, —OH, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇;

each R₆ is independently —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, —OH, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇;

each R₇ is independently —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or —CH₂(halo);

each halo is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I;

n is an integer ranging from 0 to 2; and

m is an integer ranging from 0 to 2.

The present invention encompasses compounds having the formula (II):

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:

A is —N(O—C₁-C₆ alkyl)-, —CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂—, or —CH═CH—;

R₁ is -halo, —CH₃, —NO₂, —CN, —OH, —OCH₃, —NH₂, C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or —CH₂(halo);

each R₂ is independently:

-   -   (a) -halo, —CN, —OH, —NO₂, or —NH₂;     -   (b) —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl,         —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl,         —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl,         —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to         7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to         10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted         or substituted with one or more R₅ groups; or     -   (c) -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to         10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or         substituted with one or more R₆ groups;

each R₃ is independently:

-   -   (a) -halo, —CN, —OH, —NO₂, or —NH₂;     -   (b) —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl,         —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl,         —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl,         —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to         7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to         10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted         or substituted with one or more R₅ groups; or     -   (c) -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to         10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or         substituted with one or more R₆ groups;

R₄ is:

-   -   (a) —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl,         —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl,         —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl,         —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to         7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to         10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted         or substituted with one or more R₅ groups; or     -   (b) -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to         10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or         substituted with one or more R₆ groups;

each R₅ is independently —CN, —OH, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O))R₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇;

each R₆ is independently —(C₁C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, —OH, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇,

each R₇ is independently —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or —CH₂(halo);

each halo is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I;

n is an integer ranging from 0 to 2; and

m is an integer ranging from 0 to 2.

The present invention also encompasses compounds having the formula (III):

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:

A is —NH— or —N(C₁-C₆alkyl)-;

R₁ is -halo, —CH₃, —NO₂, —CN, —OH, —OCH₃, —NH₂C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or —CH₂(halo);

each R₂ is independently:

-   -   (a) -halo, —OH, or —NH₂;     -   (b) —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl,         —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl,         —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl,         —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to         7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to         10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted         or substituted with one or more R₅ groups; or     -   (c) -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to         10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or         substituted with one or more R₆ groups;     -   each R₃ is independently:     -   (a) -halo, —CN, —OH, —NO₂, or —NH₂;     -   (b) —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl,         —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl,         —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl,         —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to         7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to         10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted         or substituted with one or more R₅ groups; or     -   (c) -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to         10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or         substituted with one or more R₆ groups;

R₄ is:

-   -   (a) —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl,         —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl,         —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl,         —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to         7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to         10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted         or substituted with one or more R₅ groups; or     -   (b) -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to         10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or         substituted with one or more R₆ groups;

each R₅ is independently —CN, —OH, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇;

each R₆ is independently —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, —OH, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇;

each R₇ is independently —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or —CH₂(halo);

each halo is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I;

n is an integer ranging from 0 to 2; and

m is an integer ranging from 0 to 2.

The present invention also encompasses compounds having the formula (IV):

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:

Ar₂ is

R₁ is —H, -halo, —CH₃, —NO₂, —CN, —OH, —OCH₃, —NH₂, C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or

-   —CH₂(halo);

each R₂ is independently:

-   -   (a) -halo, —CN, —OH, —NO₂, or —NH₂;     -   (b) —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl,         —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl,         —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl,         —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to         7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to         10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted         or substituted with one or more R₅ groups; or     -   (c) -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to         10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or         substituted with one or more R₆ groups;

each R₃ is independently:

-   -   (a) -halo, —CN, —OH, —NO₂, or —NH₂;     -   (b) —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl,         —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl,         —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl,         —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to         7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to         10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted         or substituted with one or more R₅ groups; or     -   (c) -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to         10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or         substituted with one or more R₆ groups;

each R₅ is independently —CN, —OH, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇; —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇;

each R₆ is independently —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, —OH, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇;

each R₇ is independently —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or —CH₂(halo);

each R₈ is independently —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or CH₂(halo);

each R₉ is independently —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -C(halo)₃, -CH(halo)₂, or CH₂(halo), —CN, —OH, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇;

each R₁₁ is independently —CN, —OH, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)R₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇;

each halo is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I;

n is an integer ranging from 0 to 2;

m is 0 or 1;

o is an integer ranging from 0 to 4;

q is an integer ranging from 0 to 6;

r is an integer ranging from 0 to 5;

s is an integer ranging from 0 to 4; and

t is an integer ranging from 0 to 2.

The present invention also encompasses compounds having the formula (V):

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:

Ar₂ is

R₁ is —H, -halo, —CH₃, —NO₂, —CN, —OH, —OCH₃, —NH₂, C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or —CH₂(halo);

-   each R₂ is independently:     -   (a) -halo, —CN, —OH, —NO₂, or —NH₂;     -   (b) —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl,         —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl,         —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl,         —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to         7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to         10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted         or substituted with one or more R₅ groups; or     -   (c) -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to         10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or         substituted with one or more R₆ groups;

each R₃ is independently:

-   -   (a) -halo, —CN, —OH, —NO₂, or —NH₂;     -   (b) —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl,         —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl,         —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl,         —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to         7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to         10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted         or substituted with one or more R₅ groups; or     -   (c) -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to         10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or         substituted with one or more R₆ groups;

each R₅ is independently —CN, —OH, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇,—COR₇, —C(O)OR₇; —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇;

each R₆ is independently —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, —OH, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇;

each R₇ is independently —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or —CH₂(halo);

each R₈ is independently —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or CH₂(halo);

each R₉ is independently —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or CH₂(halo), —CN, —OH, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇;

each R₁₁ is independently —CN, —OH, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇;

each halo is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I;

n is an integer ranging from 0 to 2;

m is 0 or 1;

o is an integer ranging from 0 to 4;

q is an integer ranging from 0 to 6;

r is an integer ranging from 0 to 5;

s is an integer ranging from 0 to 4; and

t is an integer ranging from 0 to 2.

A compound of formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), or (V) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (a “Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound”) is useful for treating or preventing pain, UI, an ulcer, IBD, IBS, an addictive disorder, Parkinson's disease, parkinsonism, anxiety, epilepsy, stroke, a seizure, a pruritic condition, psychosis, a cognitive disorder, a memory deficit, restricted brain function, Huntington's chorea, ALS, dementia, retinopathy, a muscle spasm, a migraine, vomiting, dyskinesia, or depression (each being a “Condition”) in an animal.

The invention also relates to compositions comprising an effective amount of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. The compositions are useful for treating or preventing a Condition in an animal.

The invention further relates to methods for treating a Condition, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound.

The invention further relates to methods for preventing a Condition, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound.

The invention still further relates to methods for inhibiting Vanilloid Receptor 1 (“VR1”) function in a cell, comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing VR1 with an effective amount of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound.

The invention still further relates to methods for inhibiting mGluR5 function in a cell, comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing mGluR5 with an effective amount of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound.

The invention still further relates to methods for inhibiting metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (“mGluR1”) function in a cell, comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing mGluR1 with an effective amount of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound.

The invention still further relates to methods for preparing a composition, comprising the step of admixing a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

The invention still further relates to a kit comprising a container containing an effective amount of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound.

The present invention can be understood more fully by reference to the following detailed description and illustrative examples, which are intended to exemplify non-limiting embodiments of the invention.

3. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 3.1. Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of Formula (I)

As stated above, the present invention encompasses compounds of Formula (I):

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, where A, R₁-R₄, n and m are defined above for the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (I).

In one embodiment, A is —NH—.

In another embodiment, A is —N(C₁-C₆)alkyl-.

In another embodiment, A is —N—(O—C₁-C₆alkyl)-.

In another embodiment, R₁ is -halo, —CH₃, —NO₂, —CN, —OH, —OCH₃, C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or —CH₂(halo);

In another embodiment, R₁ is -halo.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —Br.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —I.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —NO₂.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CN.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —OH.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —NH₂.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —C(halo)₃.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CH(halo)₂.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CH₂(halo).

In another embodiment, R₂ is -halo, —OH, or —NH₂.

In another embodiment, n is 1 and R₂ is —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups.

In another embodiment, n is 1 and R₂ is -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is -halo, —CN, —OH, —NO₂, or —NH₂.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and the carbon atom to which the R₃ is attached is in the (R)-configuration.

In another embodiment, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and the carbon atom to which the R₃ is attached is in the (S)-configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups. In another embodiment, the R₄ group is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, the R₄ group is substituted with one R₅ group.

In another embodiment, R₄ is -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups.

In another embodiment R₄ is -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups. In another embodiment the R₄ is unsubstituted. In another embodiment R₄ is substituted with one R₆ group. In another embodiment R₆ is a —C₁-C₆ alkyl. In another embodiment R₄ is an unsubstituted phenyl. In another embodiment R₄ is -phenyl substituted with an R₆ group. In another embodiment the R₆ group is substituted at the 4-position of the -phenyl.

In another embodiment, R₄ is phenyl.

In another embodiment, n and m are 0 and R₄ is -phenyl. In another embodiment, the -phenyl is substituted with a —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is substituted at the 4-position of the -phenyl. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is a t-butyl group substituted at the 4-position of the -phenyl. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is an iso-propyl group substituted at the 4-position of the -phenyl.

In another embodiment, n and m are 0, R₁ is methyl, and R₄ is -phenyl. In another embodiment, the -phenyl is substituted with a —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is substituted at the 4-position of the -phenyl in another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is a t-butyl group or an iso-propyl group substituted at the 4-position of the -phenyl.

In another embodiment, n and m are 0 and R₄ is -phenyl substituted at its 4-position with a —CF₃ group.

In another embodiment, n and m are 0 and R₄ is -phenyl substituted at its 4-position with a —OCF₃ group.

In another embodiment, n is 0, m is 1, R₃ is methyl, and R₄ is -phenyl substituted at its 4-position with a —CF₃ group.

In another embodiment, n is 0, m is 1, R₃ is methyl, and R₄ is -phenyl substituted at its 4-position with a —OCF₃ group.

3.2. Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of Formula (II)

The present invention also encompasses compounds of formula (II):

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, where A, R₁-R₄, n and m are defined above for the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (II).

In one embodiment, A is —N(O—C₁-C₆ alkyl)-.

In another embodiment, A is —CH₂—.

In another embodiment, A is —CH₂CH₂—.

In another embodiment, A is —CH═CH—.

In another embodiment, A is —CH═CH— in the trans configuration.

In another embodiment, A is —CH═CH— in the cis configuration.

In another embodiment, R₁ is -halo, —CH₃, —NO₂, —CN, —OH, —OCH₃, C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or —CH₂(halo);

In another embodiment, R₁ is -halo.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —Br.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —I.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —NO₂.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CN .

In another embodiment, R₁ is —OH.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —NH₂.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —C(halo)₃.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CH(halo)₂.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CH₂(halo).

In another embodiment, n is 1 and R₂ is -halo, —CN, —OH, —NO₂, or —NH₂.

In another embodiment, n is 1 and R₂ is —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups.

In another embodiment, n is 1 and R₂ is -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5-to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is -halo, —CN, —OH, —NO₂, or —NH₂.

In another embodiment, R₃ is —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5-to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and the carbon atom to which the R₃ is attached is in the (R)-configuration.

In another embodiment, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and the carbon atom to which the R₃ is attached is in the (S)-configuration.

In another embodiment R₄ is —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups. In another embodiment the R₄ is unsubstituted. In another embodiment the R₄ is substituted with one R₅ group.

In another embodiment R₄ is -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups. In another embodiment the R₄ is unsubstituted. In another embodiment R₄ is substituted with one R₆ group. In another embodiment R₆ is a —C₁-C₆ alkyl. In another embodiment R₄ is an unsubstituted phenyl. In another embodiment R₄ is -phenyl substituted with an R₆ group. In another embodiment the R₆ group is substituted at the 4-position of the -phenyl.

In another embodiment, R₄ is phenyl.

In another embodiment, n and m are 0 and R₄ is -phenyl. In another embodiment, the -phenyl is substituted with a —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is substituted at the 4-position of the -phenyl. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is a t-butyl group substituted at 4-position of the -phenyl. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is an iso-propyl group substituted at the 4-position of the -phenyl.

In another embodiment, n and m are 0, R₁ is methyl, and R₄ is -phenyl. In another embodiment, the -phenyl is substituted with a —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is substituted at the 4-position of the -phenyl. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is a t-butyl group or an iso-propyl group substituted at the 4-position of the -phenyl.

In another embodiment, n and m are 0 and R₄ is -phenyl substituted at its 4-position with a —CF₃ group.

In another embodiment, n and m are 0 and R₄ is -phenyl substituted at its 4-position with a —OCF₃ group.

In another embodiment, n is 0, m is 1, R₃ is methyl, and R₄ is -phenyl substituted at its 4-position with a —CF₃ group.

In another embodiment, n is 0, m is 1, R₃ is methyl, and R₄ is -phenyl substituted at its 4-position with a —OCF₃ group.

3.3. Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of Formula (III)

The present invention also encompasses compounds of formula (III):

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, where A, R₁-R₄, n and m are defined above for the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (III).

In one embodiment A is —NH—.

In another embodiment, A is —N(C₁-C₆alkyl)-.

In another embodiment, R₁ is -halo, —CH₃, —NO₂, —CN, —OH, —OCH₃, C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or —CH₂(halo);

In another embodiment, R₁ is -halo.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —Br.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —I.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —NO₂.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CN

In another embodiment, R₁ is —OH.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —NH₂.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —C(halo)₃.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CH(halo)₂.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CH₂(halo).

In another embodiment, n is 1 and R₂ is -halo, —OH, or —NH₂.

In another embodiment, n is 1 and R₂ is —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups.

In another embodiment, n is 1 and R₂ is -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is -halo, —CN, —OH, —NO₂, or —NH₂.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and the carbon atom to which the R₃ is attached is in the (R)-configuration.

In another embodiment, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and the carbon atom to which the R₃ is attached is in the (S)-configuration.

In another embodiment R₄ is —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups. In another embodiment the R₄ is unsubstituted. In another embodiment the R₄ is substituted with one R₅ group.

In another embodiment R₄ is -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups. In another embodiment the R₄ is unsubstituted. In another embodiment R₄ is substituted with one R₆ group. In another embodiment R₆ is a —C₁-C₆ alkyl. In another embodiment R₄ is an unsubstituted phenyl. In another embodiment R₄ is -phenyl substituted with an R₆ group. In another embodiment the R₆ group is substituted at the 4-position of the -phenyl.

In another embodiment, R₄ is phenyl.

In another embodiment, n and m are 0 and R₄ is -phenyl. In another embodiment, the -phenyl is substituted with a —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is substituted at the 4-position of the -phenyl. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is a t-butyl group substituted at 4-position of the -phenyl. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is an iso-propyl group substituted at the 4-position of the -phenyl.

In another embodiment, n and m are 0, R₁ is methyl, and R₄ is -phenyl. In another embodiment, the -phenyl is substituted with a —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is substituted at the 4-position of the -phenyl. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is a t-butyl group or an iso-propyl group substituted at the 4-position of the -phenyl.

In another embodiment, n and m are 0 and R₄ is -phenyl substituted at its 4-position with a —CF₃ group.

In another embodiment, n and m are 0 and R₄ is -phenyl substituted at its 4-position with a —OCF₃ group.

In another embodiment, n is 0, m is 1, R₃ is methyl, and R₄ is -phenyl substituted at its 4-position with a —CF₃ group.

In another embodiment, n is 0, m is 1, R₃ is methyl, and R₄ is -phenyl substituted at its 4-position with a —OCF₃ group.

In another embodiment n is 1 and R₂ is -halo, —OH, or —NH₂.

3.4. Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of Formula (IV)

The present invention also encompasses compounds of formula (IV):

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, where Ar₂, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₈, n, m, and t are defined above for the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (IV).

In one embodiment, Ar₂ is a benzothiazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is a benzoimidazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is a benzooxazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

wherein R₉ and o are defined above for the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (IV).

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

wherein R₉ and o are defined above for the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (IV).

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

wherein R₉ and r are defined above for the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (IV).

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

wherein R₁₁ and q are defined above for the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (IV).

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

wherein R₁₁ and q are defined above for the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (IV).

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

wherein R₁₁ and q are defined above for the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (IV).

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

wherein R₁₁ and q are defined above for the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (IV).

In another embodiment, R₁ is —H.

In another embodiment, R₁ is -halo.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —Br.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —I.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —NO₂.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CN .

In another embodiment, R₁ is —OH.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —NH₂.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —C(halo)₃.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CH(halo)₂.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CH₂(halo).

In another embodiment, n is 1 and R₂ is -halo, —OH, or —NH₂.

In another embodiment, n is 1 and R₂ is —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups.

In another embodiment, n is 1 and R₂ is -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is -halo, —CN, —OH, —NO₂, or —NH₂.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5-to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and the carbon atom to which the R₃ is attached is in the (R)-configuration.

In another embodiment, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and the carbon atom to which the R₃ is attached is in the (S)-configuration.

3.5. Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of Formula (V)

The present invention also encompasses compounds of formula (V):

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, where Ar₂, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₈, n, m, and t are defined above for the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (V).

In one embodiment, Ar₂ is a benzothiazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is a benzoimidazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is a benzooxazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

wherein R₉ and o are defined above for the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (V).

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

wherein R₉ and o are defined above for the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (V).

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

wherein R₉ and r are defined above for the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (V).

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

wherein R₁₁ and q are defined above for the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (V).

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

wherein R₁₁ and r are defined above for the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (V).

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

wherein R₁₁ and q are defined above for the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (V).

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

wherein R₁₁ and q are defined above for the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (V).

In another embodiment, R₁ is —H.

In another embodiment, R₁ is -halo.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R is —Br.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —I.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —NO₂.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CN .

In another embodiment, R₁ is —OH.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —NH₂.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —C(halo)₃.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CH(halo)₂.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CH₂(halo).

In another embodiment, n is 1 and R₂ is -halo, —OH, or —NH₂.

In another embodiment, n is 1 and R₂ is —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups.

In another embodiment, n is 1 and R₂ is -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5-to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is -halo, —CN, —OH, —NO₂, or —NH₂.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and the carbon atom to which the R₃ is attached is in the (R)-configuration.

In another embodiment, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and the carbon atom to which the R₃ is attached is in the (S)-configuration.

3.6. Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of Formulas (I) to (V)

Certain Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds may have asymmetric centers and therefore exist in different enantiomeric and diastereomeric forms. A Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound can be in the form of an optical isomer or a diastereomer. Accordingly, the invention encompasses Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds and their uses as described herein in the form of their optical isomers, diasteriomers, and mixtures thereof, including a racemic mixture.

In the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds each R₃ can be on any carbon of the piperazine ring. In one embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds have only one R₃ group, and that R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the pyridazinyl group. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, and that R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the —C(═O)-A-R₄, —C(═S)-A-R₄, phenethyl, or phenpropyl group.

In another embodiment, two R₃ groups are on a single atom of the piperazine ring. In another embodiment, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the pyridazinyl group and another R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the —C(═O)-A-R₄, —C(═S)-A-R₄, phenethyl, or phenpropyl group.

In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has two R₃ groups, each being attached to a different carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen atom attached to the pyridazinyl group. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has two R₃ groups, each being attached to a different carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen atom attached to the —C(═O)-A-R₄, —C(═S)-A-R₄, phenethyl, or phenpropyl group.

In one embodiment, wherein the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, the carbon atom to which an R₃ group is attached has the (R) configuration. In another embodiment, wherein the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, the carbon atom to which the R₃ group is attached has the (S) configuration. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, and at least one of the carbon atoms to which an R₃ group is attached has the (R) configuration. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, and at least one of the carbon atoms to which an R₃ group is attached has the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, and an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen atom attached to the pyridazinyl group, and the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the pyridazinyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo groups. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the pyridazinyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₃. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the pyridazinyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the pyridazinyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen atom attached to the —C(═O)-A-R₄, —C(═S)-A-R₄, phenethyl, or phenpropyl group, and the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the —C(═O)-A-R₄, —C(═S)-A-R₄, phenethyl, or phenpropyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo groups. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the —C(═O)-A-R₄, —C(═S)-A-R₄, phenethyl, or phenpropyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₃. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the —C(═O)-A-R₄, —C(═S)-A-R₄, phenethyl, or phenpropyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the —C(═O)-A-R₄, —C(═S)-A-R₄, phenethyl, or phenpropyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen atom attached to the pyridazinyl group, and the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the pyridazinyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo groups. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the pyridazinyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₃. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the pyridazinyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the pyridazinyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen atom attached to the —C(═O)-A-R₄, —C(═S)-A-R₄, phenethyl, or phenpropyl group, and the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the —C(═O)-A-R₄, —C(═S)-A-R₄, phenethyl, or phenpropyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo groups. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the —C(═O)-A-R₄, —C(═S)-A-R₄, phenethyl, or phenpropyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₃. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the —C(═O)-A-R₄, —C(═S)-A-R₄, phenethyl, or phenpropyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the —C(═O)-A-R₄, —C(═S)-A-R₄, phenethyl, or phenpropyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen atom attached to the pyridazinyl group, and the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the pyridazinyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo groups. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the pyridazinyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₃. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the pyridazinyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the pyridazinyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen atom attached to the —C(═O)-A-R₄, —C(═S)-A-R₄, phenethyl, or phenpropyl group, and the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the —C(═O)-A-R₄, —C(═S)-A-R₄, phenethyl, or phenpropyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo groups. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the —C(═O)-A-R₄, —C(═S)-A-R₄, phenethyl, or phenpropyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₃. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the —C(═O)-A-R₄, —C(═S)-A-R₄, phenethyl, or phenpropyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the —C(═O)-A-R₄, —C(═S)-A-R₄, phenethyl, or phenpropyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen atom attached to the pyridazinyl group, and the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the pyridazinyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo groups. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the pyridazinyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₃. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the pyridazinyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the pyridazinyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen atom attached to the —C(═O)-A-R₄, —C(═S)-A-R₄, phenethyl, or phenpropyl group, and the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the —C(═O)-A-R₄, —C(═S)-A-R₄, phenethyl, or phenpropyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo groups. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the —C(═O)-A-R₄, —C(═S)-A-R₄, phenethyl, or phenpropyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₃. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the —C(═O)-A-R₄, —C(═S)-A-R₄, phenethyl, or phenpropyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen attached to the —C(═O)-A-R₄, —C(═S)-A-R₄, phenethyl, or phenpropyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₂CH₃.

In addition, one or more hydrogen, carbon or other atoms of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound can be replaced by an isotope of the hydrogen, carbon or other atoms. Such compounds, which are encompassed by the present invention, are useful as research and diagnostic tools in metabolism pharmacokinetic studies and in binding assays.

Illustrative Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds are listed below in Tables I-XIV:

Table I (VI)

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: Compound Ar R₆ A1 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butyl A2 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl A3 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl A4 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl A5 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy A6 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy A7 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ A8 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ A9 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ A10 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl A11 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Br A12 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —I A13 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl A14 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl A15 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl A16 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ A17 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -t-butyl A18 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-butyl A19 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -sec-butyl A20 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl A21 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -t-butoxy A22 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -isopropoxy A23 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CF₃ A24 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ A25 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —OCF₃ A26 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Cl A27 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Br A28 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —I A29 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-butyl A30 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-propyl A31 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-propyl A32 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ A33 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -t-butyl A34 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl A35 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl A36 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl A37 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy A38 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy A39 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CF₃ A40 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ A41 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ A42 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Cl A43 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Br A44 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —I A45 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-butyl A46 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-propyl A47 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl A48 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ A49 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butyl A50 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl A51 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl A52 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl A53 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy A54 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy A55 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ A56 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ A57 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ A58 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl A59 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —Br A60 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —I A61 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl A62 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl A63 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl A64 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅

TABLE II (VII)

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: Compound Ar R₆ B1 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butyl B2 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl B3 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl B4 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl B5 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy B6 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy B7 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ B8 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ B9 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ B10 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl B11 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Br B12 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —I B13 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl B14 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl B15 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl B16 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ B17 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -t-butyl B18 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-butyl B19 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -sec-butyl B20 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl B21 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -t-butoxy B22 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -isopropoxy B23 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CF₃ B24 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ B25 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —OCF₃ B26 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Cl B27 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Br B28 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —I B29 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-butyl B30 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-propyl B31 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-propyl B32 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ B33 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -t-butyl B34 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl B35 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl B36 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl B37 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy B38 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy B39 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CF₃ B40 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ B41 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ B42 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Cl B43 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Br B44 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —I B45 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-butyl B46 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-propyl B47 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl B48 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ B49 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butyl B50 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl B51 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl B52 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl B53 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy B54 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy B55 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ B56 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ B57 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ B58 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl B59 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —Br B60 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —I B61 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl B62 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl B63 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl B64 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅

TABLE III (VIII)

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: Compound Ar R₆ C1 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butyl C2 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl C3 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl C4 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl C5 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy C6 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy C7 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ C8 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ C9 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ C10 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl C11 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Br C12 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —I C13 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl C14 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl C15 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl C16 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ C17 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -t-butyl C18 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-butyl C19 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -sec-butyl C20 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl C21 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -t-butoxy C22 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -isopropoxy C23 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CF₃ C24 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ C25 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —OCF₃ C26 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Cl C27 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Br C28 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —I C29 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-butyl C30 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-propyl C31 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-propyl C32 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ C33 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -t-butyl C34 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl C35 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl C36 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl C37 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy C38 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy C39 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CF₃ C40 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ C41 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ C42 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Cl C43 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Br C44 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —I C45 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-butyl C46 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-propyl C47 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl C48 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ C49 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butyl C50 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl C51 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl C52 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl C53 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy C54 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy C55 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ C56 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ C57 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ C58 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl C59 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —Br C60 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —I C61 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl C62 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl C63 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl C64 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅

TABLE IV (IX)

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: Compound Ar R₆ D1 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butyl D2 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl D3 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl D4 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl D5 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy D6 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy D7 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ D8 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ D9 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ D10 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl D11 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Br D12 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —I D13 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl D14 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl D15 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl D16 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ D17 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -t-butyl D18 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-butyl D19 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -sec-butyl D20 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl D21 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -t-butoxy D22 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -isopropoxy D23 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CF₃ D24 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ D25 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —OCF₃ D26 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Cl D27 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Br D28 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —I D29 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-butyl D30 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-propyl D31 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-propyl D32 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ D33 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -t-butyl D34 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl D35 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl D36 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl D37 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy D38 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy D39 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CF₃ D40 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ D41 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ D42 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Cl D43 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Br D44 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —I D45 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-butyl D46 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-propyl D47 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl D48 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ D49 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butyl D50 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl D51 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -sec -butyl D52 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl D53 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy D54 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy D55 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ D56 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ D57 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ D58 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl D59 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —Br D60 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —I D61 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl D62 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl D63 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl D64 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅

TABLE V (X)

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: Compound Ar R₆ E1 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butyl E2 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl E3 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl E4 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl E5 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy E6 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy E7 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ E8 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ E9 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ E10 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl E11 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Br E12 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —I E13 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl E14 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl E15 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl E16 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ E17 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -t-butyl E18 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-butyl E19 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -sec-butyl E20 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl E21 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -t-butoxy E22 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -isopropoxy E23 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CF₃ E24 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ E25 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —OCF₃ E26 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Cl E27 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Br E28 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —I E29 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-butyl E30 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-propyl E31 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-propyl E32 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ E33 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -t-butyl E34 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl E35 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl E36 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl E37 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy E38 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy E39 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CF₃ E40 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ E41 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ E42 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Cl E43 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Br E44 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —I E45 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-butyl E46 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-propyl E47 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl E48 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ E49 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butyl E50 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl E51 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl E52 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl E53 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy E54 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy E55 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ E56 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ E57 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ E58 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl E59 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —Br E60 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —I E61 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl E62 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl E63 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl E64 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅

TABLE VI (XI)

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: Compound Ar R₆ F1 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butyl F2 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl F3 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl F4 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl F5 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy F6 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy F7 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ F8 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ F9 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ F10 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl F11 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Br F12 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —I F13 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl F14 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl F15 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl F16 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ F17 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -t-butyl F18 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-butyl F19 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -sec-butyl F20 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl F21 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -t-butoxy F22 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -isopropoxy F23 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CF₃ F24 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ F25 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —OCF₃ F26 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Cl F27 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Br F28 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —I F29 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-butyl F30 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-propyl F31 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-propyl F32 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ F33 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -t-butyl F34 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl F35 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl F36 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl F37 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy F38 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy F39 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CF₃ F40 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ F41 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ F42 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Cl F43 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Br F44 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —I F45 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-butyl F46 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-propyl F47 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl F48 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ F49 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butyl F50 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl F51 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl F52 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl F53 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy F54 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy F55 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ F56 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ F57 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ F58 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl F59 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —Br F60 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —I F61 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl F62 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl F63 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl F64 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅

TABLE VII (XII)

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: Compound Ar R₆ G1 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butyl G2 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl G3 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl G4 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl G5 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy G6 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy G7 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ G8 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ G9 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ G10 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl G11 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Br G12 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —I G13 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl G14 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl G15 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl G16 -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ G17 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -t-butyl G18 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-butyl G19 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -sec-butyl G20 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl G21 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -t-butoxy G22 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -isopropoxy G23 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CF₃ G24 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ G25 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —OCF₃ G26 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Cl G27 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Br G28 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —I G29 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-butyl G30 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-propyl G31 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-propyl G32 -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ G33 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -t-butyl G34 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl G35 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl G36 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl G37 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy G38 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy G39 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CF₃ G40 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ G41 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ G42 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Cl G43 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Br G44 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —I G45 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-butyl G46 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-propyl G47 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl G48 -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ G49 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butyl G50 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl G51 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl G52 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl G53 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy G54 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy G55 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ G56 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ G57 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ G58 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl G59 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —Br G60 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —I G61 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl G62 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl G63 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl G64 -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅

TABLE VIII (XIII)

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: Compound Ar R₆ H1 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butyl H2 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl H3 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl H4 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl H5 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy H6 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy H7 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ H8 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ H9 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ H10 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl H11 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Br H12 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —I H13 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl H14 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl H15 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl H16 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ H17 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -t-butyl H18 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-butyl H19 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -sec-butyl H20 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl H21 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -t-butoxy H22 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -isopropoxy H23 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CF₃ H24 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ H25 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —OCF₃ H26 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Cl H27 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Br H28 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —I H29 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-butyl H30 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-propyl H31 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-propyl H32 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ H33 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -t-butyl H34 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl H35 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl H36 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl H37 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy H38 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy H39 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CF₃ H40 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ H41 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ H42 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Cl H43 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Br H44 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —I H45 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-butyl H46 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-propyl H47 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl H48 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ H49 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butyl H50 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl H51 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl H52 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl H53 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy H54 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy H55 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ H56 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ H57 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ H58 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl H59 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —Br H60 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —I H61 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl H62 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl H63 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl H64 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ wherein “(a)” means that the carbon atom of the piperazino group to which the methyl group is attached is in the R configuration and “(b)” means that the carbon atom of the piperazino group to which the methyl group is attached is in the S configuration.

TABLE IX (XIV)

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: Compound Ar R₆ I1 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butyl I2 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl I3 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl I4 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl I5 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy I6 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy I7 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ I8 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ I9 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ I10 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl I11 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Br I12 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —I I13 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl I14 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl I15 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl I16 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ I17 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -t-butyl I18 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-butyl I19 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -sec-butyl I20 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl I21 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -t-butoxy I22 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -isopropoxy I23 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CF₃ I24 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ I25 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —OCF₃ I26 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Cl I27 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Br I28 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —I I29 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-butyl I30 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-propyl I31 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-propyl I32 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ I33 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -t-butyl I34 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl I35 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl I36 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl I37 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy I38 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy I39 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CF₃ I40 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ I41 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ I42 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Cl I43 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Br I44 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —I 145 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-butyl I46 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-propyl I47 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl I48 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ I49 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butyl I50 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl I51 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl I52 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl I53 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy I54 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy I55 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ I56 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ I57 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ I58 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methy1-6-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl I59 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —Br I60 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —I I61 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl I62 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl I63 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl I64 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ wherein “(a)” means that the carbon atom of the piperazino group to which the methyl group is attached is in the R configuration and “(b)” means that the carbon atom of the piperazino group to which the methyl group is attached is in the S configuration.

TABLE X (XV)

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: Compound Ar R₆ J1 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butyl J2 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl J3 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl J4 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl J5 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy J6 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy J7 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ J8 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ J9 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ J10 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl J11 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Br J12 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —I J13 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl J14 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl J15 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl J16 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ J17 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -t-butyl J18 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-butyl J19 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -sec-butyl J20 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl J21 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -t-butoxy J22 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -isopropoxy J23 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CF₃ J24 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ J25 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —OCF₃ J26 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Cl J27 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Br J28 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —I J29 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-butyl J30 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-propyl J31 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-propyl J32 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -p-C6H₄—C₆H₅ J33 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -t-butyl J34 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl J35 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl J36 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl J37 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy J38 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy J39 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CF₃ J40 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ J41 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ J42 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Cl J43 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Br J44 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —I J45 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-butyl J46 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-propyl J47 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl J48 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ J49 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butyl J50 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl J51 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl J52 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl J53 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy J54 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy J55 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ J56 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ J57 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ J58 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl J59 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —Br J60 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —I J61 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl J62 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl J63 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl J64 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ wherein “(a)” means that the carbon atom of the piperazino group to which the methyl group is attached is in the R configuration and “(b)” means that the carbon atom of the piperazino group to which the methyl group is attached is in the S configuration.

TABLE XI (XVI)

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: Compound Ar R₆ K1 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butyl K2 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl K3 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl K4 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl K5 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy K6 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy K7 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ K8 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ K9 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ K10 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl K11 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Br K12 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —I K13 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl K14 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl K15 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl K16 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ K17 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -t-butyl K18 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-butyl K19 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -sec-butyl K20 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl K21 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -t-butoxy K22 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -isopropoxy K23 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CF₃ K24 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ K25 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —OCF₃ K26 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Cl K27 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Br K28 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —I K29 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-butyl K30 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-propyl K31 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-propyl K32 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ K33 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -t-butyl K34 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl K35 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl K36 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl K37 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy K38 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy K39 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CF₃ K40 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ K41 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ K42 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Cl K43 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Br K44 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —I K45 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-butyl K46 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-propyl K47 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl K48 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ K49 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butyl K50 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl K51 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl K52 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-.chloropyridzinyl) -cyclohexyl K53 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy K54 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy K55 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ K56 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ K57 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ K58 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl K59 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —Br K60 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —I K61 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl K62 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl K63 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl K64 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ wherein “(a)” means that the carbon atom of the piperazino group to which the methyl group is attached is in the R configuration and “(b)” means that the carbon atom of the piperazino group to which the methyl group is attached is in the S configuration.

TABLE XII (XVII)

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: Compound Ar R₆ L1 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butyl L2 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl L3 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl L4 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl L5 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy L6 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy L7 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ L8 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ L9 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ L10 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl L11 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Br L12 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —I L13 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl L14 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl L15 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl L16 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ L17 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -t-butyl L18 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-butyl L19 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -sec-butyl L20 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl L21 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -t-butoxy L22 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -isopropoxy L23 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CF₃ L24 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ L25 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —OCF₃ L26 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Cl L27 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Br L28 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —I L29 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-butyl L30 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-propyl L31 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-propyl L32 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ L33 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -t-butyl L34 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl L35 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl L36 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl L37 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy L38 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy L39 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CF₃ L40 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ L41 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ L42 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Cl L43 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Br L44 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —I L45 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-butyl L46 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-propyl L47 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl L48 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ L49 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butyl L50 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl L51 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl L52 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl L53 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy L54 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy L55 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ L56 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ L57 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ L58 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl L59 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —Br L60 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —I L61 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl L62 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl L63 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl L64 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ wherein “(a)” means that the carbon atom of the piperazino group to which the methyl group is attached is in the R configuration and “(b)” means that the carbon atom of the piperazino group to which the methyl group is attached is in the S configuration.

TABLE XIII (XVIII)

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: Compound Ar R₆ M1 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butyl M2 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl M3 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl M4 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl M5 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy M6 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy M7 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ M8 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ M9 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ M10 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl M11 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Br M12 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —I M13 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl M14 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl M15 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl M16 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ M17 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -t-butyl M18 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-butyl M19 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -sec-butyl M20 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl M21 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -t-butoxy M22 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -isopropoxy M23 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CF₃ M24 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ M25 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —OCF₃ M26 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Cl M27 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Br M28 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —I M29 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-butyl M30 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-propyl M31 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-propyl M32 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ M33 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -t-butyl M34 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl M35 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl M36 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl M37 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy M38 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy M39 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CF₃ M40 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ M41 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ M42 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Cl M43 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Br M44 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —I M45 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-butyl M46 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-propyl M47 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl M48 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ M49 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butyl M50 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl M51 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl M52 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl M53 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy M54 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy M55 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ M56 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ M57 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ M58 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl M59 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —Br M60 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —I M61 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl M62 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl M63 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl M64 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ wherein “(a)” means that the carbon atom of the piperazino group to which the methyl group is attached is in the R configuration and “(b)” means that the carbon atom of the piperazino group to which the methyl group is attached is in the S configuration.

TABLE XIV (XIX)

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: Compound Ar R₆ N1 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butyl N2 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl N3 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl N4 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl N5 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy N6 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy N7 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ N8 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ N9 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ N10 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl N11 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Br N12 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —I N13 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl N14 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl N15 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl N16 (a) and (b) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ N17 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -t-butyl N18 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-butyl N19 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -sec-butyl N20 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl N21 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -t-butoxy N22 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -isopropoxy N23 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CF₃ N24 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ N25 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —OCF₃ N26 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Cl N27 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Br N28 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —I N29 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-butyl N30 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-propyl N31 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-propyl N32 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ N33 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -t-butyl N34 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl N35 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl N36 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl N37 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy N38 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy N39 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CF₃ N40 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ N41 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ N42 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Cl N43 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Br N44 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —I N45 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-butyl N46 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-propyl N47 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl N48 (a) and (b) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ N49 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butyl N50 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl N51 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl N52 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl N53 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -t-butoxy N54 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -isopropoxy N55 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ N56 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —CH₂CF₃ N57 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ N58 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl N59 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —Br N60 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) —I N61 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl N62 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl N63 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl N64 (a) and (b) -3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl) -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅ wherein “(a)” means that the carbon atom of the piperazino group to which the methyl group is attached is in the R configuration and “(b)” means that the carbon atom of the piperazino group to which the methyl group is attached is in the S configuration.

3.6 Definitions

As used herein, the terms used above having following meaning:

“—(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl” means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Representative straight chain —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyls include -methyl, -ethyl, -n-propyl, -n-butyl, -n-pentyl, -n-hexyl, -n-heptyl, -n-octyl, -n-nonyl and -n-decyl. Representative branched —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyls include -isopropyl, -sec-butyl, -isobutyl, -tert-butyl, -isopentyl, -neopentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-methylpentyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 4-methylpentyl, 1-ethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 3-ethylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylbutyl, 1,2-dimethylbutyl, 1,3-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 1-methylhexyl, 2-methylhexyl, 3-methylhexyl, 4-methylhexyl, 5-methylhexyl, 1,2-dimethylpentyl, 1,3-dimethylpentyl, 1,2-dimethylhexyl, 1,3-dimethylhexyl, 3,3-dimethylhexyl, 1,2-dimethylheptyl, 1,3-dimethylheptyl, and 3,3-dimethylheptyl.

“—(C₁-C₆)alkyl” means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Representative straight chain —(C₁-C₆)alkyls include -methyl, -ethyl, -n-propyl, -n-butyl, -n-pentyl and -n-hexyl. Representative branched —(C₁-C₆)alkyls include -isopropyl, -sec-butyl, -isobutyl, -tert-butyl, -isopentyl, -neopentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-methylpentyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 4-methylpentyl, 1-ethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 3-ethylbutyl, 1,1-dimethtylbutyl, 1,2-dimethylbutyl, 1,3-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl and 3,3-dimethylbutyl.

“—(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl” means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and including at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Representative straight chain and branched (C₂-C₁₀)alkenyls include -vinyl, -allyl, -1-butenyl, -2-butenyl, -isobutylenyl, -1-pentenyl, -2-pentenyl, -3-methyl-1-butenyl, -2-methyl-2-butenyl, -2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, -1-hexenyl, -2-hexenyl, -3-hexenyl, -1-heptenyl, -2-heptenyl, -3-heptenyl, -1-octenyl, -2-octenyl, -3-octenyl, -1-nonenyl, -2-nonenyl, -3-nonenyl, -1-decenyl, -2-decenyl, -3-decenyl and the like.

“—(C₂-C₆)alkenyl” means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and including at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Representative straight chain and branched (C₂-C₆)alkenyls include -vinyl, -allyl, -1-butenyl, -2-butenyl, -isobutylenyl, -1-pentenyl, -2-pentenyl, -3-methyl-1-butenyl, -2-methyl-2-butenyl, -2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, -1-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl and the like.

“—(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl” means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and including at lease one carbon-carbon triple bond. Representative straight chain and branched —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyls include -acetylenyl, -propynyl, -1-butynyl, -2-butynyl, -1-pentynyl, -2-pentynyl, -3-methyl-1-butynyl, -4-pentynyl, -1-hexynyl, -2-hexynyl, -5-hexynyl, -1-heptynyl, -2-heptynyl, -6-heptynyl, -1-octynyl, -2-octynyl, -7-octynyl, -1-nonynyl, -2-nonynyl, -8-nonynyl, -1-decynyl, -2-decynyl, -9-decynyl and the like.

“—(C₂-C₆)alkynyl” means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and including at lease one carbon-carbon triple bond. Representative straight chain and branched (C₂-C₆)alkynyls include -acetylenyl, -propynyl, -1-butynyl, -2-butynyl, -1-pentynyl, -2-pentynyl, -3-methyl-1-butynyl, -4-pentynyl, -1-hexynyl, -2-hexynyl, -5-hexynyl and the like.

“—(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl” means a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms. Representative (C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyls are -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, -cycloheptyl, -cyclooctyl, -cyclononyl and -cyclodecyl.

“-(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl” means a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon having from 3 to 8 carbon atoms. Representative (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyls include -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, -cycloheptyl and -cyclooctyl.

“—(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl” means a bi-cyclic hydrocarbon ring system having from 8 to 14 carbon atoms and at least one saturated cyclic alkyl ring. Representative —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyls include -indanyl, -1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, -5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthyl, -perhydronaphthyl and the like.

“—(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl” means a tri-cyclic hydrocarbon ring system having from 8 to 14 carbon atoms and at least one saturated ring. Representative —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyls include -pyrenyl, -1,2,3,4-tetrahydroanthracenyl, -perhydroanthracenyl -aceanthreneyl, -1,2,3,4-tetrahydropenanthrenyl, -5,6,7,8-tetrahydrophenanthrenyl, -perhydrophenanthrenyl and the like.

“—(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl” means a cyclic non-aromatic hydrocarbon having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the cyclic system and from 5 to 10 carbon atoms. Representative (C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyls include -cyclopentenyl, -cyclopentadienyl, -cyclohexenyl, -cyclohexadienyl,-cycloheptenyl, -cycloheptadienyl, -cycloheptatrienyl, -cyclooctenyl, -cyclooctadienyl, -cyclooctatrienyl, -cyclooctatetraenyl, -cyclononenyl -cyclononadienyl, -cyclodecenyl, -cyclodecadienyl and the like.

“—(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl” means a cyclic non-aromatic hydrocarbon having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the cyclic system and from 5 to 8 carbon atoms. Representative (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyls include -cyclopentenyl, -cyclopentadienyl, -cyclohexenyl, -cyclohexadienyl, -cycloheptenyl, -cycloheptadienyl, -cycloheptatrienyl, -cyclooctenyl, -cyclooctadienyl, -cyclooctatrienyl, -cyclooctatetraenyl and the like.

“—(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl” means a bi-cyclic hydrocarbon ring system having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in each ring and from 8 to 14 carbon atoms. Representative —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyls include -indenyl, -pentalenyl, -naphthalenyl, -azulenyl, -heptalenyl, -1,2,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalenyl and the like.

“—(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl” means a tri-cyclic hydrocarbon ring system having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in each ring and from 8 to 14 carbon atoms. Representative —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyls include -anthracenyl, -phenanthrenyl, -phenalenyl, -acenaphthalenyl, as-indacenyl, s-indacenyl and the like.

“—(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle” or “—(3- to 7-membered)heterocyclo” means a 3- to 7-membered monocyclic heterocyclic ring which is either saturated, unsaturated non-aromatic, or aromatic. A 3-membered -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle can contain up to 3 heteroatoms, and a 4- to 7-membered -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle can contain up to 4 heteroatoms. Each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, which can be quatemized; oxygen; and sulfur, including sulfoxide and sulfone. The -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle can be attached via a nitrogen, sulfur, or carbon atom. Representative -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycles include pyridyl, furyl, thiophenyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolidinonyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, hydantoinyl, valerolactamyl, oxiranyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydropyrindinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl and the like.

“-(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle” or “-(3- to 5-membered)heterocyclo” means a 3- to 5-membered monocyclic heterocyclic ring which is either saturated, unsaturated non-aromatic, or aromatic. A 3-membered -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle can contain up to 3 heteroatoms, and a 4- to 5-membered -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle can contain up to 4 heteroatoms. Each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, which can be quaternized; oxygen; and sulfur, including sulfoxide and sulfone. The -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle can be attached via a nitrogen, sulfur, or carbon atom. Representative -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycles include furyl, thiophenyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazinyl, pyrrolidinonyl, pyrrolidinyl, hydantoinyl, oxiranyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl and the like.

“-(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle” or “-(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocyclo” means a 7- to 10-membered bicyclic, heterocyclic ring which is either saturated, unsaturated non-aromatic, or aromatic. A -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle contains from 1to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, which can be quatemized; oxygen; and sulfur, including sulfoxide and sulfone. The -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle can be attached via a nitrogen, sulfur, or carbon atom. Representative -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycles include -quinolinyl, -isoquinolinyl, -chromonyl, -coumarinyl, -indolyl, -indolizinyl, -benzo[b]furanyl, -benzo[b]thiophenyl, -indazolyl, -purinyl, -4H-quinolizinyl, -isoquinolyl, -quinolyl, -phthalazinyl, -naphthyridinyl, -carbazolyl, -β-carbolinyl and the like.

“—(C₁₄)aryl” means a 14-membered aromatic carbocyclic moiety such as -anthryl or -phenanthryl.

“-(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl” means an aromatic heterocycle ring of 5 to 10 members, including both mono- and bicyclic ring systems, wherein at least one carbon atom of one or both of the rings is replaced with a heteroatom independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. One or both of the -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl's rings contain at least one carbon atom. Representative -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryls include pyridyl, furyl, benzofuranyl, thiophenyl, benzothiophenyl, quinolinyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, oxazolyl, benzoxazolyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, thiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, thiadiazolyl, triazinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, and quinazolinyl.

“-Halogen” or “-Halo” means —F, —Cl, —Br or —I.

The phrase “3-(4-chloropyridazinyl)” means

The phrase “3-(4-methylpyridazinyl)” means

The phrase “3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl)” means

The phrase “-3-(4-methyl-6-chloropyridazinyl)” means

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The phrase “pyridazinyl group” means

wherein R₁, R₂, and n are defined above for the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), or (V).

The phrase -p-C₆H₄—C₆H₅″ means

The phrase “benzothiazolyl group” means

wherein R₉ and s are defined above for the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (IV) and (V).

The phrase “benzoimidazolyl group” means

wherein R₉ and s are defined above for the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (IV) and (V).

The phrase “benzooxazolyl group” means

wherein R₉ and s are defined above for the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (IV) and (V).

The phrase “phenethyl group” means an ethylene group attached to a terminal Ar₂ group, wherein one or each of two hydrogens of the ethylene group can optionally be substituted with an R₈ group. A phenethyl group is depicted below:

wherein R₈ Ar₂, and t are defined above for the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (IV).

The phrase “phenpropyl group” an n-propylene group attached to a terminal Ar₂ group, wherein one or each of two hydrogens of the n-propylene group can optionally be substituted with an R₈ group. A phenpropyl group is depicted below

wherein R₈, Ar₂, and t are defined above for the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (V).

The term “animal,” includes, but is not limited to, a cow, monkey, chimpanzee, baboon, horse, sheep, pig, chicken, turkey, quail, cat, dog, mouse, rat, rabbit, guinea pig and human.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable salt,” as used herein, is a salt formed from an acid and a basic nitrogen group of one of the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds. Illustrative salts include, but are not limited, to sulfate, citrate, acetate, oxalate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, isonicotinate, lactate, salicylate, acid citrate, tartrate, oleate, tannate, pantothenate, bitartrate, ascorbate, succinate, maleate, gentisinate, fumarate, gluconate, glucaronate, saccharate, formate, benzoate, glutamate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, and pamoate (i.e., 1,1′-methylene-bis-(2-hydroxy-3-naphthoate)) salts. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” also refers to a salt prepared from a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound having an acidic functional group, such as a carboxylic acid functional group, and a pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic base. Suitable bases include, but are not limited to, hydroxides of alkali metals such as sodium, potassium, and lithium; hydroxides of alkaline earth metal such as calcium and magnesium; hydroxides of other metals, such as aluminum and zinc; ammonia, and organic amines, such as unsubstituted or hydroxy-substituted mono-, di-, or trialkylamines; dicyclohexylamine; tributyl amine; pyridine; N-methyl,N-ethylamine; diethylamine; triethylamine; mono-, bis-, or tris-(2-hydroxy-lower alkyl amines), such as mono-, bis-, or tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, 2-hydroxy-tert-butylamine, or tris-(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, N, N,-di-lower alkyl-N-(hydroxy lower alkyl)-amines, such as N,N,-dimethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, or tri-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine; N-methyl-D-glucamine; and amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and the like.

When a first group is “substituted with one or more” second groups, each of one or more of the first group's hydrogen atoms is replaced with a second group. In one embodiment, each carbon atom of a first group is independently substituted with one or two second groups. In another embodiment, each carbon atom of a first group is independently substituted with only one second group.

The term “UI” means urinary incontinence.

The term “IBD” means inflammatory-bowel disease.

The term “IBS” means irritable-bowel syndrome.

The term “ALS” means amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

The term “DMSO” means dimethyl sulfoxide.

The term “DMF” means dimethyl formamide.

The term “DCM” means dichloromethane.

The term “LDA” means lithium diisopropylamide.

The term “HMPA” means hexamethylphosphoramide.

The term “HOBT” means 1-hydroxybenzotriazolehydrate.

The term “DIC” means 1,3-diisopropylcarbodiimide.

The phrase “treatment of” and “treating” includes the amelioration or cessation of a Condition or a symptom thereof.

The phrase “prevention of” and “preventing” includes the avoidance of the onset of a Condition or a symptom thereof.

3.7 Methods for Making the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be made using conventional organic synthesis or by the following illustrative methods shown in the schemes below.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of Formula (I), (II), and (III) wherein A is —NH— can be obtained using conventional organic syntheses or by the following illustrative methods shown in below in Scheme A:

wherein R¹-R⁴ and m are as defined above.

Compound B is reacted with an isocyanate (R₄—N═C═O) or isothiocyanate (R₄—N═C═S) in a suitable solvent, preferably DCM, at a suitable temperature, preferably at room temperature, to provide the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound wherein X═O or X═S, respectively, and A is —NH—.

If the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound is substituted with a hydroxyl group or thiol group, then the hydroxyl or thiol group of compound B is preferably protected with a suitable protecting group before being reacted with the isocyanate or isothiocyanate. Suitable protecting groups for hydroxyl group include, but are not limited to, methyl ether, methoxymethyl ether, methoxythiomethyl ether, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl ether, bis(2-chloroethoxy)ethyl ether, tetrahydropyranyl ether, tetrahydrothiopyranyl ether, 4-methoxytetrahydropyranyl ether, methoxytetrahydrothiopyranyl ether, tetrahydrofuranyl ether, tetrahydrothiofuranyl ether, 1-ethoxyethyl ether, 1-methyl-1-methoxyethyl ether, 2-(phenylselenyl ether), t-butyl ether, allyl ether, benzyl ether, o-nitrobenzyl ether, triphenylmethyl ether, o-napthyldiphenylmethyl ether, p-methoxydiphenylmethyl ether, 9-(9-phenyl-10-oxo)anthryl ether (tritylone), trimethylsilyl ether, isopropyldimethylsilyl ether, t-butyldimethylsilyl ether, t-butyldiphenylsilyl ether, tribenzylsilyl ether, triisopropylsilyl ether, formate ester, acetate ester, trichloroacetate ester, phenoxyacetate ester, isobutyrate ester, pivaloate ester, adamantoate ester, benzoate ester, 2,4,6-trimethyl (mesitoate) ester, methyl carbonate, 2,2,2-trichlorocarbonate, allyl carbonate, p-nitrophenyl carbonate, benzyl carbonate, p-nitrobenzyl carbonate, S-benzylthiocarbonate, N-phenylcarbamate, nitrate ester, and 2,4-dinitrophenylsulfenate ester (See, e.g., T. W. Greene, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis 10-72 (1981)).

Suitable protecting groups for a thiol group include, but are not limited to, S-benzyl thioether, S-p-methoxybenzyl thioether, S-p-nitrobenzyl thioether, S-4-picolyl thioether, S-2-picolyl N-oxide thioether, S-9-anthrylmethyl thioether, S-diphenylmethyl thioether, S-di(p-methoxyphenyl)methyl thioether, S-triphenylmethyl thioether, S-2,4-dinitrophenyl thioether, S-t-butyl thioether, S-isobutoxymethyl hemithioacetal, S-2-tetrahydropyranyl hemithioacetal, S-acetamidomethyl aminothioacetal, S-cyanomethyl thioether, S-2-nitro-1-phenylethyl thioether, S-2,2-bis(carboethoxy)ethyl thioether, S-benzoyl derivative, S-(N-ethylcarbamate), and S-ethyldisulfide. Id. at 193-217.

The compound of formula B can be prepared by reacting a 3-halo-substituted pyridazine of formula C with a piperazine D in chloroform, in the presence of triethylamine at a temperature of about 50° C. as shown below in Scheme B.

wherein X is I, Br, Cl, or F.

A representative procedure for reacting a 3-halo-pyridazine with piperazine is provided in E. J. Jacobsen et al., J. Med. Chem. 1145-1151 (1990).

The substituted 3-halo-pyridazines C are commercially available or can be prepared by methods well known to those skilled in the art.

Isocyanates R₄—N═C═O are commercially available or preparable by reacting R₄NH₂ with phosgene according to well-known methods (See, e.g., H. Eckert et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 26:894 (1987); H. Eckert, Ger. Offen. DE 3 440 141; Chem Abstr. 106:4294d (1987); and L. Contarca et al., Synthesis 553-576 (1996)). For example an amine, R₄—NH₂, can be reacted with triphosgene according to the Scheme C shown below.

Typically, a solution of triphosgene (0.3 eq) in 1,2-dichloroethane (0.3 M) is slowly added to a stirred solution of the amine (1.0 eq.) in 1, 2-dichloroethane (0.3 M) at room temperature. The reaction mixture is then stirred at room temperature for about 10 min. and the temperature then raised to about 70° C. After stirring at about 70° C. for about 3 h, the reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature, filtered, and the filtrate concentrated to give the desired isocyanate.

Isothiocyanates, R₄—N═C═S, are commercially available or preparable by reacting R₄NH₂ with thiophosgene as shown below in Scheme D (See, e.g., Tetrahedron Lett., 41(37):7207-7209 (2000); Synlett 11:1784-1786 (1999); Heterocycles 32:2343-2355 (1991); Org. Prep., Proced., Int. 23(6):729-734 (1991); J. Heterocycle Chem. 28(4):1091-1097 (1991); J. Fluorine Chem. 41(3):303-310 (1988); J. Med. Chem. 32(6):1173-1176 and 1392-1398 (1989); and Tetrahedron Lett. 42(32):5414-5416 (2001).

Alternatively, isothiocyanates R₄—N═C═S can be prepared by reacting R₄NH₂ with carbon disulfide in the presence of triethylamine in tetrahydrofuran, followed by reaction with hydrogen peroxide and hydrochloric acid in water as shown below in Scheme E (See, e.g., J. Org. Chem., 62 (13), 4539-4540 (1997)).

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of Formula (I), (II), and (III) wherein A is —NH— can also be prepared by reacting R₄NH₂ with 4-nitrophenylchloroformate (commercially available from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo. (www.sigma-aldrich.com)) to provide a carbamate, Compound E, and then reacting Compound E with Compound B as shown below in Scheme F (See, e.g., J. Org. Chem. 63(23):8515-8521 (1998) and European Patent Publication No. 549 039.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of Formula (IV) and (V) can be prepared by a method analogous to that described in Scheme F to make the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of Formula (I), (II), and (III) wherein A is —NH—, except that an amine of formula H or I,

wherein R₈, Ar₂, and t are defined above for the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of Formula (IV) and (V), is used in place of the amine of formula R₄—NH₂. The amines of formula H and I are commercially available or can be made by methods well known to those skilled in the art.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of Formula (I), (II), (III) wherein A is —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)- can be prepared by alkylating the urea or thiourea nitrogen atom of the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of Formula (I), (II), (III) wherein A is —NH—. The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of Formula (I), (II), (III) wherein A is —NH— can be alkylated using sodium hydride in an anhydrous aprotic solvent followed by reaction with a C₁-C₆ alkyl halide, such as methyl iodide. C₁-C₆ alkyl halides are commercially available or can be prepared by methods well known to those skilled in the art.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of Formula (I) wherein A is —N(O—C₁-C₆ alkyl)- can be obtained using conventional organic syntheses or by the following illustrative method shown below in Scheme G:

wherein R₉ is a C₁-C₆ alkyl and R₄ is as defined above.

A hydroxylamine ester, R₄NHOR₉, wherein R₄ and R₉ are defined above, is reacted with 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate (commercially available from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo. (www.sigma-aldrich.com)) in 1,2-dichloroethane in the presence of triethylamine to provide a carbamate, Compound F. Compound F is then reacted with Compound B to provide the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of Formula (I) wherein A is —N(O—C₁-C₆ alkyl)-. Hydroxylamine esters are commercially available or can be prepared by methods well known to those skilled in the art.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of Formula (II) wherein A is —N(O—C₁-C₆ alkyl)- can be obtained using conventional organic syntheses or by the following illustrative methods shown below in Scheme H:

wherein R₉ is a C₁-C₆ alkyl and R₄ is as defined above.

A hydroxylamine ester, R₄NHOR₉, wherein R₄ and R₉ are defined above, is reacted with thiophosgene (commercially available from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo. (www.sigma-aldrich.com)) in 1,2-dichloroethane in the presence of triethylamine to provide a Compound G. Compound G is then reacted with Compound B to provide the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of Formula (II) wherein A is —N(O—C₁-C₆ alkyl)-. Hydroxylamine esters are commercially available or can be prepared by methods well known to those skilled in the art.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of Formula (II) wherein A is —CH₂—, —CH₂—CH₂—, or —CH═CH— can be obtained using conventional organic syntheses or by the following illustrative methods shown below in the Scheme I:

wherein X is Cl, Br, I, or F; A is —CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂—, or —CH═CH—; and R₄ is as defined above.

Compound B is reacted with an acid halide of formula X—C(O)-A-R₄, wherein X, A, and R₄ are defined above, to provide the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound of Formula (II) wherein A is —CH₂—, —CH₂—CH₂—, or —CH═CH—. A representative procedure for coupling an acid chloride with an amine is provided in T. R. Herrin et al., J. Med. Chem. 1216-1223 (1975). Methods for preparing acid halides are well known to those skilled in the art and are described in J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reaction Mechanisms and Structure John Wiley & Sons, N.Y., pp. 437-8 (4th ed. 1992). For example, acid halides can be prepared by reacting the carboxylic acid with thionyl chloride, bromide, or iodide. An acid chloride can also be prepared by reacting a carboxylic acid with phosphorous trichloride or tribromide. An acid chloride can also be prepared by reacting the carboxylic acid with Ph₃P in carbon tetrachloride. An acid fluoride can be obtained by reacting a carboxylic acid with cyanuric fluoride.

3.8 Therapeutic Uses of the Pyradizinylpiperazine Compounds

In accordance with the invention, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds are administered to an animal in need of treatment or prevention of a Condition.

In one embodiment, an effective amount of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound can be used to treat or prevent any condition treatable or preventable by inhibiting VR1. Examples of conditions that are treatable or preventable by inhibiting VR1include, but are not limited to, pain, UI, an ulcer, IBD, and IBS.

In another embodiment, an effective amount of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound can be used to treat or prevent any condition treatable or preventable by inhibiting mGluR5. Examples of conditions that are treatable or preventable by inhibiting mGluR5 include, but are not limited to, pain, an addictive disorder, Parkinson's disease, parkinsonism, anxiety, a pruritic condition, and psychosis.

In another embodiment, an effective amount of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound can be used to treat or prevent any condition treatable or preventable by inhibiting mGluR1. Examples of conditions that are treatable or preventable by inhibiting mGluR1 include, but are not limited to, pain, UI, an addictive disorder, Parkinson's disease, parkinsonism, anxiety, epilepsy, stroke, a seizure, a pruritic condition, psychosis, a cognitive disorder, a memory deficit, restricted brain function, Huntington's chorea, ALS, dementia, retinopathy, a muscle spasm, a migraine, vomiting, dyskinesia, and depression.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent acute or chronic pain. Examples of pain treatable or preventable using the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds include, but are not limited to, cancer pain, central pain, labor pain, myocardial infarction pain, pancreatic pain, colic pain, post-operative pain, headache pain, muscle pain, pain associated with intensive care, arthritic pain, and pain associated with a periodontal disease, including gingivitis and periodontitis.

The pain to be inhibited, treated or prevented may be associated with inflammation associated with an inflammatory disease, which can arise where there is an inflammation of the body tissue, and which can be a local inflammatory response and/or a systemic inflammation. For example, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to inhibit, treat, or prevent pain associated with inflammatory disease including, but not limited to: organ transplant rejection; reoxygenation injury resulting from organ transplantation (see Grupp et al., J. Mol, Cell Cardiol. 31:297-303 (1999)) including, but not limited to, transplantation of the heart, lung, liver, or kidney; chronic inflammatory diseases of the joints, including arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and bone diseases associated with increased bone resorption; inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ileitis, ulcerative colitis, Barrett's syndrome, and Crohn's disease; inflammatory lung diseases, such as asthma, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and chronic obstructive airway disease; inflammatory diseases of the eye, including corneal dystrophy, trachoma, onchocerciasis, uveitis, sympathetic ophthalmitis and endophthalmitis; chronic inflammatory disease of the gum, including gingivitis and periodontitis; tuberculosis; leprosy; inflammatory diseases of the kidney, including uremic complications, glomerulonephritis and nephrosis; inflammatory disease of the skin, including sclerodermatitis, psoriasis and eczema; inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, including chronic demyelinating diseases of the nervous system, multiple sclerosis, AIDS-related neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease, infectious meningitis, encephalomyelitis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and viral or autoimmune encephalitis; autoimmune diseases, including Type I and Type II diabetes mellitus; diabetic complications, including, but not limited to, diabetic cataract, glaucoma, retinopathy, nephropathy (such as microaluminuria and progressive diabetic nephropathy), polyneuropathy, mononeuropathies, autonomic neuropathy, gangrene of the feet, atherosclerotic coronary arterial disease, peripheral arterial disease, nonketotic hyperglycemic-hyperosmolar coma, foot ulcers, joint problems, and a skin or mucous membrane complication (such as an infection, a shin spot, a candidal infection or necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum); immune-complex vasculitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); inflammatory disease of the heart, such as cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease hypercholesterolemia, and artherosclerosis; as well as various other diseases that can have significant inflammatory components, including preeclampsia, chronic liver failure, brain and spinal cord trauma, and cancer. The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can also be used for inhibiting, treating, or preventing pain associated with inflammatory disease that can, for example, be a systemic inflammation of the body, exemplified by gram-positive or gram negative shock, hemorrhagic or anaphylactic shock, or shock induced by cancer chemotherapy in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., shock associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Such shock can be induced, e.g., by a chemotherapeutic agent that is administered as a treatment for cancer.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent UI. Examples of UI treatable or preventable using the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds include, but are not limited to, urge incontinence, stress incontinence, overflow incontinence, neurogenic incontinence, and total incontinence.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent an ulcer. Examples of ulcers treatable or preventable using the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds include, but are not limited to, a duodenal ulcer, a gastric ulcer, a marginal ulcer, an esophageal ulcer, or a stress ulcer.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent IBD, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent IBS. Examples of IBS treatable or preventable using the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds include, but are not limited to, spastic-colon-type IBS and constipation-predominant IBS.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent an addictive disorder, including but not limited to, an eating disorder, an impulse-control disorder, an alcohol-related disorder, a nicotine-related disorder, an amphetamine-related disorder, a cannabis-related disorder, a cocaine-related disorder, an hallucinogen-related disorder, an inhalant-related disorders, and an opioid-related disorder, all of which are further sub-classified as listed below.

Eating disorders include, but are not limited to, Bulimia Nervosa, Nonpurging Type; Bulimia Nervosa, Purging Type; Anorexia; and Eating Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS).

Impulse control disorders include, but are not limited to, Intermittent Explosive Disorder, Kleptomania, Pyromania, Pathological Gambling, Trichotillomania, and Impulse Control Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS).

Alcohol-related disorders include, but are not limited to, Alcohol-Induced Psychotic Disorder with delusions, Alcohol Abuse, Alcohol Intoxication, Alcohol Withdrawal, Alcohol Intoxication Delirium, Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium, Alcohol-Induced Persisting Dementia, Alcohol-Induced Persisting Amnestic Disorder, Alcohol Dependence, Alcohol-Induced Psychotic Disorder with hallucinations, Alcohol-Induced Mood Disorder, Alcohol-Induced Anxiety Disorder, Alcohol-Induced Sexual Dysfunction, Alcohol-Induced Sleep Disorder, Alcohol-Related Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS), Alcohol Intoxication, and Alcohol Withdrawal.

Nicotine-related disorders include, but are not limited to, Nicotine Dependence, Nicotine Withdrawal, and Nicotine-Related Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS).

Amphetamine-related disorders include, but are not limited to, Amphetamine Dependence, Amphetamine Abuse, Amphetamine Intoxication, Amphetamine Withdrawal, Amphetamine Intoxication Delirium, Amphetamine-Induced Psychotic Disorder with delusions, Amphetamine-Induced Psychotic Disorders with hallucinations, Amphetamine-Induced Mood Disorder, Amphetamine-Induced Anxiety Disorder, Amphetamine-Induced Sexual Dysfunction, Amphetamine-Induced Sleep Disorder, Amphetamine Related Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS), Amphetamine Intoxication, and Amphetamine Withdrawal.

Cannabis-related disorders include, but are not limited to, Cannabis Dependence, Cannabis Abuse, Cannabis Intoxication, Cannabis Intoxication Delirium, Cannabis-Induced Psychotic Disorder with delusions, Cannabis-Induced Psychotic Disorder with hallucinations, Cannabis-Induced Anxiety Disorder, Cannabis Related Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS), and Cannabis Intoxication.

Cocaine-related disorders include, but are not limited to, Cocaine Dependence, Cocaine Abuse, Cocaine Intoxication, Cocaine Withdrawal, Cocaine Intoxication Delirium, Cocaine-Induced Psychotic Disorder with delusions, Cocaine-Induced Psychotic Disorders with hallucinations, Cocaine-Induced Mood Disorder, Cocaine-Induced Anxiety Disorder, Cocaine-Induced Sexual Dysfunction, Cocaine-Induced Sleep Disorder, Cocaine Related Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS), Cocaine Intoxication, and Cocaine Withdrawal.

Hallucinogen-related disorders include, but are not limited to, Hallucinogen Dependence, Hallucinogen Abuse, Hallucinogen Intoxication, Hallucinogen Withdrawal, Hallucinogen Intoxication Delirium, Hallucinogen-Induced Psychotic Disorder with delusions, Hallucinogen-Induced Psychotic Disorders with hallucinations, Hallucinogen-Induced Mood Disorder, Hallucinogen-Induced Anxiety Disorder, Hallucinogen-Induced Sexual Dysfunction, Hallucinogen-Induced Sleep Disorder, Hallucinogen Related Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS), Hallucinogen Intoxication, and Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (Flashbacks).

Inhalant-related disorders include, but are not limited to, Inhalant Dependence, Inhalant Abuse, Inhalant Intoxication, Inhalant Intoxication Delirium, Inhalant-Induced Psychotic Disorder with delusions, Inhalant-Induced Psychotic Disorder with hallucinations, Inhalant-Induced Anxiety Disorder, Inhalant Related Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS), and Inhalant Intoxication.

Opioid-related disorders include, but are not limited to, Opioid Dependence, Opioid Abuse, Opioid Intoxication, Opioid Intoxication Delirium, Opioid-Induced Psychotic Disorder with delusions, Opioid-Induced Psychotic Disorder with hallucinations, Opioid-Induced Anxiety Disorder, Opioid Related Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS), Opioid Intoxication, and Opioid Withdrawal.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism and the symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism, including but not limited to, bradykinesia, muscular rigidity, resting tremor, and impairment of postural balance.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent generalized anxiety or severe anxiety and the symptoms associated with anxiety, including but not limited to, restlessness; tension; tachycardia; dyspnea; depression, including chronic “neurotic” depression; panic disorder; agoraphobia and other specific phobias; eating disorders; and personality disorders.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent epilepsy, including but not limited to, partial epilepsy, generalized epilepsy, and the symptoms associated with epilepsy, including but not limited to, simple partial seizures, jacksonian seizures, complex partial (psychomotor) seizures, convulsive seizures (grand mal or tonic-clonic seizures), petit mal (absence) seizures, and status epilepticus.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent a stroke, including but not limited to, an ischemic stroke and a hemorrhagic stroke.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent a seizure, including but not limited to, infantile spasms, febrile seizures, and epileptic seizures.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent a pruritic condition, including but not limited to, pruritus caused by dry skin, scabies, dermatitis, herpetiformis, atopic dermatitis, pruritus vulvae et ani, miliaria, insect bites, pediculosis, contact dermatitis, drug reactions, urticaria, urticarial eruptions of pregnancy, psoriasis, lichen planus, lichen simplex chronicus, exfoliative dermatitis, folliculitis, bullous pemphigoid, or fiberglass dermatitis.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent psychosis, including but not limited to, schizophrenia, including paranoid schizophrenia, hebephrenic or disorganized schizophrenia, catatonic schizophrenia, undifferentiated schizophrenia, negative or deficit subtype schizophrenia, and non-deficit schizophrenia; a delusional disorder, including erotomanic subtype delusional disorder, grandiose subtype delusional disorder, jealous subtype delusional disorder, persecutory subtype delusional disorder, and somatic subtype delusional disorder; and brief psychosis.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent a cognitive disorder, including but not limited to, delirium and dementia such as multi-infarct dementia, dementia pugilistica, dementia caused by AIDS, and dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent a memory deficiency, including but not limited to, dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent restricted brain function, including but not limited to, that caused by surgery or an organ transplant, restricted blood supply to the brain, a spinal cord injury, a head injury, hypoxia, cardiac arrest, or hypoglycemia.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent Huntington's chorea.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent ALS.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent retinopathy, including but not limited to, arteriosclerotic retinopathy, diabetic arteriosclerotic retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy, non-proliferative retinopathy, and proliferative retinopathy.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent a muscle spasm.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent a migraine.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat, inhibit, or prevent vomiting, including but not limited to, nausea vomiting, dry vomiting (retching), and regurgitation.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent dyskinesia, including but not limited to, tardive dyskinesia and biliary dyskinesia.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent depression, including but not limited to, major depression and bipolar disorder.

Applicants believe that the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds are antagonists for VR1.

The invention also relates to methods for inhibiting VR1 function in a cell comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing VR1 with an effective amount of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound. This method can be used in vitro, for example, as an assay to select cells that express VR1 and, accordingly, are useful as part of an assay to select compounds useful for treating or preventing pain, UI, an ulcer, IBD, or IBS. The method is also useful for inhibiting VR1 function in a cell in vivo, in an animal, a human in one embodiment, by contacting a cell, in an animal, with an effective amount of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound. In one embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing pain in an animal. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing UI in an animal. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing an ulcer in an animal. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing IBD in an animal. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing IBS in an animal.

Examples of tissue comprising cells capable of expressing VR1 include, but are not limited to, neuronal, brain, kidney, urothelium, and bladder tissue. Methods for assaying cells that express VR1 are well known in the art.

Applicants believe that the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds are antagonists for mGluR5.

The invention also relates to methods for inhibiting mGluR5 function in a cell comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing mGluR5 with an amount of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound effective to inhibit mGluR5 function in the cell. This method can be used in vitro, for example, as an assay to select cells that express mGluR5 and, accordingly, are useful as part of an assay to select compounds useful for treating or preventing pain, an addictive disorder, Parkinson's disease, parkinsonism, anxiety, a pruritic condition, or psychosis. The method is also useful for inhibiting mGluR5 function in a cell in vivo, in an animal, a human in one embodiment, by contacting a cell, in an animal, with an amount of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound effective to inhibit mGluR5 function in the cell. In one embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing pain in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing an addictive disorder in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing Parkinson's disease in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing parkinsonism in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing anxiety in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing a pruritic condition in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing psychosis in an animal in need thereof.

Examples of cells capable of expressing mGluR5 are neuronal and glial cells of the central nervous system, particularly the brain, especially in the nucleus accumbens. Methods for assaying cells that express mGluR5 are well known in the art.

Applicants believe that the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds are antagonists for mGluR1.

The invention also relates to methods for inhibiting mGluR1 function in a cell comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing mGluR1 with an amount of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound effective to inhibit mGluR1 function in the cell. This method can be used in vitro, for example, as an assay to select cells that express mGluR1 and, accordingly, are useful as part of an assay to select compounds useful for treating or preventing pain, UI, an addictive disorder, Parkinson's disease, parkinsonism, anxiety, epilepsy, stroke, a seizure, a pruritic condition, psychosis, a cognitive disorder, a memory deficit, restricted brain function, Huntington's chorea, ALS, dementia, retinopathy, a muscle spasm, a migraine, vomiting, dyskinesia, or depression. The method is also useful for inhibiting mGluR1 function in a cell in vivo, in an animal, a human in one embodiment, by contacting a cell, in an animal, with an amount of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound effective to inhibit mGluR1 function in the cell. In one embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing pain in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing UI in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing an addictive disorder in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing Parkinson's disease in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing parkinsonism in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing anxiety in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing epilepsy in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing stroke in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing a seizure in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing a pruritic condition in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing psychosis in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing a cognitive disorder in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing a memory deficit in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing restricted brain function in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing Huntington's chorea in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing ALS in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing dementia in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing retinopathy in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing a muscle spasm in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing a migraine in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing vomiting in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing dyskinesia in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing depression in an animal in need thereof.

Examples of cells capable of expressing mGluR1 include, but are not limited to, cerebellar Purkinje neuron cells, Purkinje cell bodies (punctate), cells of spine(s) of the cerebellum; neurons and neurophil cells of olfactory-bulb glomeruli; cells of the superficial layer of the cerebral cortex; hippocampus cells; thalamus cells; superior colliculus cells; and spinal trigeminal nucleus cells. Methods for assaying cells that express mGluR1 are well known in the art.

3.8.1 Therapeutic/Prophylactic Administration and Compositions of the Invention

Due to their activity, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds are advantageously useful in veterinary and human medicine. As described above, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds are useful for treating or preventing a condition in an animal in need thereof.

When administered to an animal, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds are administered as a component of a composition that comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. The present compositions, which comprise a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound, can be administered orally. The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds of the invention can also be administered by any other convenient route, for example, by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral, rectal, and intestinal mucosa, etc.) and can be administered together with another biologically active agent. Administration can be systemic or local. Various delivery systems are known, e.g., encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, microcapsules, or capsules and can be used to administer the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound.

Methods of administration include, but are not limited to, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, oral, sublingual, intracerebral, intravaginal, transdermal, rectal, by inhalation, or topical, particularly to the ears, nose, eyes, or skin. The mode of administration is left to the discretion of the practitioner. In most instances, administration will result in the release of the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds into the bloodstream.

In specific embodiments, it can be desirable to administer the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds locally. This can be achieved, for example, and not by way of limitation, by local infusion during surgery, topical application, e.g., in conjunction with a wound dressing after surgery, by injection, by means of a catheter, by means of a suppository or enema, or by means of an implant, said implant being of a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material, including membranes, such as sialastic membranes, or fibers.

In certain embodiments, it can be desirable to introduce the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds into the central nervous system or gastrointestinal tract by any suitable route, including intraventricular, intrathecal, and epidural injection, and enema. Intraventricular injection can be facilitated by an intraventricular catheter, for example, attached to a reservoir, such as an Ommaya reservoir.

Pulmonary administration can also be employed, e.g., by use of an inhaler or nebulizer, and formulation with an aerosolizing agent, or via perfusion in a fluorocarbon or synthetic pulmonary surfactant. In certain embodiments, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be formulated as a suppository, with traditional binders and excipients such as triglycerides.

In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be delivered in a vesicle, in particular a liposome (see Langer, Science 249:1527-1533 (1990) and Treat et al., Liposomes in the Therapy of Infectious Disease and Cancer 317-327 and 353-365 (1989)).

In yet another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be delivered in a controlled-release system or sustained-release system (see, e.g., Goodson, in Medical Applications of Controlled Release, supra, vol. 2, pp. 115-138 (1984)). Other controlled- or sustained-release systems discussed in the review by Langer, Science 249:1527-1533 (1990) can be used. In one embodiment, a pump can be used (Langer, Science 249:1527-1533 (1990); Sefton, CRC Crit. Ref. Biomed. Eng. 14:201 (1987); Buchwald et al., Surgery 88:507 (1980); and Saudek et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 321:574 (1989)). In another embodiment, polymeric materials can be used (see Medical Applications of Controlled Release (Langer and Wise eds., 1974); Controlled Drug Bioavailability, Drug Product Design and Performance (Smolen and Ball eds., 1984); Ranger and Peppas, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. 23:61 (1983); Levy et al., Science 228:190 (1985); During et al., Ann. Neurol. 25:351 (1989); and Howard et al., J. Neurosurg. 71:105 (1989)). In yet another embodiment, a controlled- or sustained-release system can be placed in proximity of a target of the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds, e.g., the spinal column, brain, or gastrointestinal tract, thus requiring only a fraction of the systemic dose.

The present compositions can optionally comprise a suitable amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient so as to provide the form for proper administration to the animal.

Such pharmaceutical excipients can be liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable, or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. The pharmaceutical excipients can be saline, gum acacia, gelatin, starch paste, talc, keratin, colloidal silica, urea and the like. In addition, auxiliary, stabilizing, thickening, lubricating, and coloring agents can be used. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are sterile when administered to an animal. Water is a particularly useful excipient when the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound is administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid excipients, particularly for injectable solutions. Suitable pharmaceutical excipients also include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like. The present compositions, if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents.

The present compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsion, tablets, pills, pellets, capsules, capsules containing liquids, powders, sustained-release formulations, suppositories, emulsions, aerosols, sprays, suspensions, or any other form suitable for use. In one embodiment, the composition is in the form of a capsule (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,698,155). Other examples of suitable pharmaceutical excipients are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 1447-1676 (Alfonso R. Gennaro ed., 19th ed. 1995), incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds are formulated in accordance with routine procedures as a composition adapted for oral administration to human beings. Compositions for oral delivery can be in the form of tablets, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, granules, powders, emulsions, capsules, syrups, or elixirs, for example. Orally administered compositions can contain one or more agents, for example, sweetening agents such as fructose, aspartame or saccharin; flavoring agents such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen, or cherry; coloring agents; and preserving agents, to provide a pharmaceutically palatable preparation. Moreover, where in tablet or pill form, the compositions can be coated to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract thereby providing a sustained action over an extended period of time. Selectively permeable membranes surrounding an osmotically active driving compound are also suitable for orally administered compositions. In these latter platforms, fluid from the environment surrounding the capsule is imbibed by the driving compound, which swells to displace the agent or agent composition through an aperture. These delivery platforms can provide an essentially zero order delivery profile as opposed to the spiked profiles of immediate release formulations. A time-delay material such as glycerol monostearate or glycerol stearate can also be used. Oral compositions can include standard excipients such as mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, cellulose, and magnesium carbonate. In one embodiment, the excipients are of pharmaceutical grade.

In another embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be formulated for intravenous administration. Typically, compositions for intravenous administration comprise sterile isotonic aqueous buffer. Where necessary, the compositions can also include a solubilizing agent. Compositions for intravenous administration can optionally include a local anesthetic such as lidocaine to lessen pain at the site of the injection. Generally, the ingredients are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent. Where the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds are to be administered by infusion, they can be dispensed, for example, with an infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline. Where the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds are administered by injection, an ampule of sterile water for injection or saline can be provided so that the ingredients can be mixed prior to administration.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be administered by controlled-release or sustained-release means or by delivery devices that are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Examples include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,845,770; 3,916,899; 3,536,809; 3,598,123; 4,008,719; 5,674,533; 5,059,595; 5,591,767; 5,120,548; 5,073,543; 5,639,476; 5,354,556; and 5,733,566, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Such dosage forms can be used to provide controlled- or sustained-release of one or more active ingredients using, for example, hydropropylmethyl cellulose, other polymer matrices, gels, permeable membranes, osmotic systems, multilayer coatings, microparticles, liposomes, microspheres, or a combination thereof to provide the desired release profile in varying proportions. Suitable controlled- or sustained-release formulations known to those of ordinary skill in the art, including those described herein, can be readily selected for use with the active ingredients of the invention. The invention thus encompasses single unit dosage forms suitable for oral administration such as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, gelcaps, and caplets that are adapted for controlled- or sustained-release.

Controlled- or sustained-release pharmaceutical compositions can have a common goal of improving drug therapy over that achieved by their non-controlled or non-sustained counterparts. In one embodiment, a controlled- or sustained-release composition comprises a minimal amount of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound to cure or control the condition in a minimum amount of time. Advantages of controlled- or sustained-release compositions include extended activity of the drug, reduced dosage frequency, and increased patient compliance. In addition, controlled- or sustained-release compositions can favorably affect the time of onset of action or other characteristics, such as blood levels of the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound, and can thus reduce the occurrence of adverse side effects.

Controlled- or sustained-release compositions can initially release an amount of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound that promptly produces the desired therapeutic or prophylactic effect, and gradually and continually release other amounts of the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound to maintain this level of therapeutic or prophylactic effect over an extended period of time. To maintain a constant level of the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound in the body, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound can be released from the dosage form at a rate that will replace the amount of Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound being metabolized and excreted from the body. Controlled- or sustained-release of an active ingredient can be stimulated by various conditions, including but not limited to, changes in pH, changes in temperature, concentration or availability of enzymes, concentration or availability of water, or other physiological conditions or compounds.

The amount of the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound that is effective in the treatment or prevention of a Condition can be determined by standard clinical techniques. In addition, in vitro or in vivo assays can optionally be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges. The precise dose to be employed will also depend on the route of administration, and the seriousness of the Condition being treated and should be decided according to the judgment of the practitioner and each patient's circumstances in view of, e.g., published clinical studies. Suitable effective dosage amounts, however, range from about 10 micrograms to about 2500 milligrams about every 4 h, although they are typically about 100 mg or less. In one embodiment, the effective dosage amount ranges from about 0.01 milligrams to about 100 milligrams of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound about every 4 h, in another embodiment, about 0.020 milligrams to about 50 milligrams about every 4 h, and in another embodiment, about 0.025 milligrams to about 20 milligrams about every 4 h. The effective dosage amounts described herein refer to total amounts administered; that is, if more than one Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound is administered, the effective dosage amounts correspond to the total amount administered.

Where a cell capable of expressing VR1, mGluR5, or mGluR1 is contacted with a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound in vitro, the amount effective for inhibiting the receptor function in a cell will typically range from about 0.01 μg/L to about 5 mg/L, in one embodiment, from about 0.01 μg/L to about 2.5 mg/L, in another embodiment, from about 0.01 μg/L to about 0.5 mg/L, and in another embodiment, from about 0.01 μg/L to about 0.25 mg/L of a solution or suspension of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In one embodiment, the volume of solution or suspension is from about 1 μL to about 1 mL. In another embodiment, the volume of solution or suspension is about 200 μL.

Where a cell capable of expressing VR1, mGluR5, or mGluR1 is contacted with a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound in vivo, the amount effective for inhibiting the receptor function in a cell will typically range from about 0.01 mg to about 100 mg/kg of body weight per day, in one embodiment, from about 0.1 mg to about 50 mg/kg body weight per day, and in another embodiment, from about 1mg to about 20 mg/kg of body weight per day.

The Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds can be assayed in vitro or in vivo for the desired therapeutic or prophylactic activity prior to use in humans. Animal model systems can be used to demonstrate safety and efficacy.

The present methods for treating or preventing a Condition in an animal in need thereof can further comprise administering to the animal being administered a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound another therapeutic agent. In one embodiment, the other therapeutic agent is administered in an effective amount.

The present methods for inhibiting VR1 function in a cell capable of expressing VR1 can further comprise contacting the cell with an effective amount of another therapeutic agent.

The present methods for inhibiting mGluR5 function in a cell capable of expressing mGluR5 can further comprise contacting the cell with an effective amount of another therapeutic agent.

The present methods for inhibiting mGluR1 function in a cell capable of expressing mGluR1 can further comprise contacting the cell with an effective amount of another therapeutic agent.

The other therapeutic agent includes, but is not limited to, an opioid agonist, a non-opioid analgesic, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, an antimigraine agent, a Cox-II inhibitor, an antiemetic, a β-adrenergic blocker, an anticonvulsant, an antidepressant, a Ca2+-channel blocker, an anticancer agent, an agent for treating or preventing UI, an agent for treating or preventing an ulcer, an agent for treating or preventing IBD, an agent for treating or preventing IBS, an agent for treating addictive disorder, an agent for treating Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism, an agent for treating anxiety, an agent for treating epilepsy, an agent for treating a stroke, an agent for treating a seizure, an agent for treating a pruritic condition, an agent for treating psychosis, an agent for treating Huntington's chorea, an agent for treating ALS, an agent for treating a cognitive disorder, an agent for treating a migraine, an agent for treating vomiting, an agent for treating dyskinesia, or an agent for treating depression, and mixtures thereof.

Effective amounts of the other therapeutic agents are well known to those skilled in the art. However, it is well within the skilled artisan's purview to determine the other therapeutic agent's optimal effective-amount range. In one embodiment of the invention, where another therapeutic agent is administered to an animal, the effective amount of the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound is less than its effective amount would be where the other therapeutic agent is not administered. In this case, without being bound by theory, it is believed that the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds and the other therapeutic agent act synergistically to treat or prevent a Condition.

Examples of useful opioid agonists include, but are not limited to, alfentanil, allylprodine, alphaprodine, anileridine, benzylmorphine, bezitramide, buprenorphine, butorphanol, clonitazene, codeine, desomorphine, dextromoramide, dezocine, diampromide, diamorphone, dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine, dimenoxadol, dimepheptanol, dimethylthiambutene, dioxaphetyl butyrate, dipipanone, eptazocine, ethoheptazine, ethylmethylthiambutene, ethylmorphine, etonitazene fentanyl, heroin, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, hydroxypethidine, isomethadone, ketobemidone, levorphanol, levophenacylmorphan, lofentanil, meperidine, meptazinol, metazocine, methadone, metopon, morphine, myrophine, nalbuphine, narceine, nicomorphine, norlevorphanol, normethadone, nalorphine, normorphine, norpipanone, opium, oxycodone, oxymorphone, papaveretum, pentazocine, phenadoxone, phenomorphan, phenazocine, phenoperidine, piminodine, piritramide, proheptazine, promedol, properidine, propiram, propoxyphene, sufentanil, tilidine, tramadol, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and mixtures thereof.

In certain embodiments, the opioid agonist is selected from codeine, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, oxycodone, dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine, morphine, tramadol, oxymorphone, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and mixtures thereof.

Examples of useful non-opioid analgesics include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, benoxaprofen, flurbiprofen, fenoprofen, flubufen, ketoprofen, indoprofen, piroprofen, carprofen, oxaprozin, pramoprofen, muroprofen, trioxaprofen, suprofen, aminoprofen, tiaprofenic acid, fluprofen, bucloxic acid, indomethacin, sulindac, tolmetin, zomepirac, tiopinac, zidometacin, acemetacin, fentiazac, clidanac, oxpinac, mefenamic acid, meclofenamic acid, flufenamic acid, niflumic acid, tolfenamic acid, diflurisal, flufenisal, piroxicam, sudoxicam, isoxicam, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and mixtures thereof. Other suitable non-opioid analgesics include the following, non-limiting, chemical classes of analgesic, antipyretic, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: salicylic acid derivatives, including aspirin, sodium salicylate, choline magnesium trisalicylate, salsalate, diflunisal, salicylsalicylic acid, sulfasalazine, and olsalazin; para-aminophenol derivatives including acetaminophen and phenacetin; indole and indene acetic acids, including indomethacin, sulindac, and etodolac; heteroaryl acetic acids, including tolmetin, diclofenac, and ketorolac; anthranilic acids (fenamates), including mefenamic acid and meclofenamic acid; enolic acids, including oxicams (piroxicam, tenoxicam), and pyrazolidinediones (phenylbutazone, oxyphenthartazone); and alkanones, including nabumetone. For a more detailed description of the NSAIDs, see Paul A. Insel, Analgesic-Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory Agents and Drugs Employed in the Treatment of Gout, in Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 617-57 (Perry B. Molinhoff and Raymond W. Ruddon eds., 9^(th) ed 1996) and Glen R. Hanson, Analgesic, Antipyretic and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy Vol II 1196-1221 (A. R. Gennaro ed. 19th ed. 1995) which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

Examples of useful Cox-II inhibitors and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, as well as combinations thereof, are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,839, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Examples of useful Cox-II inhibitors include, but are not limited to, rofecoxib and celecoxib.

Examples of useful antimigraine agents include, but are not limited to, alpiropride, dihydroergotamine, dolasetron, ergocornine, ergocorninine, ergocryptine, ergot, ergotamine, flumedroxone acetate, fonazine, lisuride, lomerizine, methysergide oxetorone, pizotyline, and mixtures thereof.

The other therapeutic agent can also be an agent useful for reducing any potential side effect of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds. For example, the other therapeutic agent can be an antiemetic agent. Examples of useful antiemetic agents include, but are not limited to, metoclopromide, domperidone, prochlorperazine, promethazine, chlorpromazine, trimethobenzamide, odansteron, granisetron, hydroxyzine, acetylleucine monoethanolamine, alizapride, azasetron, benzquinamide, bietanautine, bromopride, buclizine, clebopride, cyclizine, dimenhydrinate, diphenidol, dolasetron, meclizine, methallatal, metopimazine, nabilone, oxypemdyl, pipamazine, scopolamine, sulpiride, tetrahydrocannabinol, thiethylperazine, thioproperazine, tropisetron, and mixtures thereof.

Examples of useful β-adrenergic blockers include, but are not limited to, acebutolol, alprenolol, amosulabol, arotinolol, atenolol, befunolol, betaxolol, bevantolol, bisoprolol, bopindolol, bucumolol, bufetolol, bufuralol, bunitrolol, bupranolol, butidrine hydrochloride, butofilolol, carazolol, carteolol, carvedilol, celiprolol, cetamolol, cloranolol, dilevalol, epanolol, esmolol, indenolol, labetalol, levobunolol, mepindolol, metipranolol, metoprolol, moprolol, nadolol, nadoxolol, nebivalol, nifenalol, nipradilol, oxprenolol, penbutolol, pindolol, practolol, pronethalol, propranolol, sotalol, sulfinalol, talinolol, tertatolol, tilisolol, timolol, toliprolol, and xibenolol.

Examples of useful anticonvulsants include, but are not limited to, acetylpheneturide, albutoin, aloxidone, aminoglutethimide, 4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid, atrolactamide, beclamide, buramate, calcium bromide, carbamazepine, cinromide, clomethiazole, clonazepam, decimemide, diethadione, dimethadione, doxenitroin, eterobarb, ethadione, ethosuximide, ethotoin, felbamate, fluoresone, gabapentin, 5-hydroxytryptophan, lamotrigine, magnesium bromide, magnesium sulfate, mephenytoin, mephobarbital, metharbital, methetoin, methsuximide, 5-methyl-5-(3-phenanthryl)-hydantoin, 3-methyl-5-phenylhydantoin, narcobarbital, nimetazepam, nitrazepam, oxcarbazepine, paramethadione, phenacemide, phenetharbital, pheneturide, phenobarbital, phensuximide, phenylmethylbarbituric acid, phenytoin, phethenylate sodium, potassium bromide, pregabaline, primidone, progabide, sodium bromide, solanum, strontium bromide, suclofenide, sulthiame, tetrantoin, tiagabine, topiramate, trimethadione, valproic acid, valpromide, vigabatrin, and zonisamide.

Examples of useful antidepressants include, but are not limited to, binedaline, caroxazone, citalopram, dimethazan, fencamine, indalpine, indeloxazine hydrocholoride, nefopam, nomifensine, oxitriptan, oxypertine, paroxetine, sertraline, thiazesim, trazodone, benmoxine, iproclozide, iproniazid, isocarboxazid, nialamide, octamoxin, phenelzine, cotinine, rolicyprine, rolipram, maprotiline, metralindole, mianserin, mirtazepine, adinazolam, amitriptyline, amitriptylinoxide, amoxapine, butriptyline, clomipramine, demexiptiline, desipramine, dibenzepin, dimetacrine, dothiepin, doxepin, fluacizine, imipramine, imipramine N-oxide, iprindole, lofepramine, melitracen, metapramine, nortriptyline, noxiptilin, opipramol, pizotyline, propizepine, protriptyline, quinupramine, tianeptine, trimipramine, adrafinil, benactyzine, bupropion, butacetin, dioxadrol, duloxetine, etoperidone, febarbamate, femoxetine, fenpentadiol, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, hematoporphyrin, hypericin, levophacetoperane, medifoxamine, milnacipran, minaprine, moclobemide, nefazodone, oxaflozane, piberaline, prolintane, pyrisuccideanol, ritanserin, roxindole, rubidium chloride, sulpiride, tandospirone, thozalinone, tofenacin, toloxatone, tranylcypromine, L-tryptophan, venlafaxine, viloxazine, and zimelidine.

Examples of useful Ca2+-channel blockers include, but are not limited to, bepridil, clentiazem, diltiazem, fendiline, gallopamil, mibefradil, prenylamine, semotiadil, terodiline, verapamil, amlodipine, aranidipine, barnidipine, benidipine, cilnidipine, efonidipine, elgodipine, felodipine, isradipine, lacidipine, lercanidipine, manidipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, nilvadipine, nimodipine, nisoldipine, nitrendipine, cinnarizine, flunarizine, lidoflazine, lomerizine, bencyclane, etafenone, fantofarone, and perhexiline.

Examples of useful anticancer agents include, but are not limited to, acivicin, aclarubicin, acodazole hydrochloride, acronine, adozelesin, aldesleukin, altretamine, ambomycin, ametantrone acetate, aminoglutethimide, amsacrine, anastrozole, anthramycin, asparaginase, asperlin, azacitidine, azetepa, azotomycin, batimastat, benzodepa, bicalutamide, bisantrene hydrochloride, bisnafide dimesylate, bizelesin, bleomycin sulfate, brequinar sodium, bropirimine, busulfan, cactinomycin, calusterone, caracemide, carbetimer, carboplatin, carmustine, carubicin hydrochloride, carzelesin, cedefingol, chlorambucil, cirolemycin, cisplatin, cladribine, crisnatol mesylate, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin hydrochloride, decitabine, dexormaplatin, dezaguanine, dezaguanine mesylate, diaziquone, docetaxel, doxorubicin, doxorubicin hydrochloride, droloxifene, droloxifene citrate, dromostanolone propionate, duazomycin, edatrexate, eflornithine hydrochloride, elsamitrucin, enloplatin, enpromate, epipropidine, epirubicin hydrochloride, erbulozole, esorubicin hydrochloride, estramustine, estramustine phosphate sodium, etanidazole, etoposide, etoposide phosphate, etoprine, fadrozole hydrochloride, fazarabine, fenretinide, floxuridine, fludarabine phosphate, fluorouracil, flurocitabine, fosquidone, fostriecin sodium, gemcitabine, gemcitabine hydrochloride, hydroxyurea, idarubicin hydrochloride, ifosfamide, ilmofosine, interleukin II (including recombinant interleukin II or rIL2), interferon alfa-2a, interferon alfa-2b, interferon alfa-n1, interferon alfa-n3, interferon beta-I a, interferon gamma-I b, iproplatin, irinotecan hydrochloride, lanreotide acetate, letrozole, leuprolide acetate, liarozole hydrochloride, lometrexol sodium, lomustine, losoxantrone hydrochloride, masoprocol, maytansine, mechlorethamine hydrochloride, megestrol acetate, melengestrol acetate, melphalan, menogaril, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, methotrexate sodium, metoprine, meturedepa, mitindomide, mitocarcin, mitocromin, mitogillin, mitomalcin, mitomycin, mitosper, mitotane, mitoxantrone hydrochloride, mycophenolic acid, nocodazole, nogalamycin, ormaplatin, oxisuran, paclitaxel, pegaspargase, peliomycin, pentamustine, peplomycin sulfate, perfosfamide, pipobroman, piposulfan, piroxantrone hydrochloride, plicamycin, plomestane, porfimer sodium, porfiromycin, prednimustine, procarbazine hydrochloride, puromycin, puromycin hydrochloride, pyrazofurin, riboprine, rogletimide, safingol, safingol hydrochloride, semustine, simtrazene, sparfosate sodium, sparsomycin, spirogermanium hydrochloride, spiromustine, spiroplatin, streptonigrin, streptozotocin, sulofenur, talisomycin, tecogalan sodium, tegafur, teloxantrone hydrochloride, temoporfin, teniposide, teroxirone, testolactone, thiamiprine, thioguanine, thiotepa, tiazofurin, tirapazamine, toremifene citrate, trestolone acetate, triciribine phosphate, trimetrexate, trimetrexate glucuronate, triptorelin, tubulozole hydrochloride, uracil mustard, uredepa, vapreotide, verteporfin, vinblastine sulfate, vincristine sulfate, vindesine, vindesine sulfate, vinepidine sulfate, vinglycinate sulfate, vinleurosine sulfate, vinorelbine tartrate, vinrosidine sulfate, vinzolidine sulfate, vorozole, zeniplatin, zinostatin, zorubicin hydrochloride.

Examples of other anti-cancer drugs include, but are not limited to, 20-epi-1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3; 5-ethynyluracil; abiraterone; aclarubicin; acylfullvene; adecypenol; adozelesin; aldesleukin; ALL-TK antagonists; altretamine; ambamustine; amidox; amifostine; aminolevulinic acid; amrubicin; amsacrine; anagrelide; anastrozole; andrographolide; angiogenesis inhibitors; antagonist D; antagonist G; antarelix; anti-dorsalizing morphogenetic protein-1; antiandrogen, prostatic carcinoma; antiestrogen; antineoplaston; antisense oligonucleotides; aphidicolin glycinate; apoptosis gene modulators; apoptosis regulators; apurinic acid; ara-CDP-DL-PTBA; arginine deaminase; asulacrine; atamestane; atrimustine; axinastatin 1; axinastatin 2; axinastatin 3; azasetron; azatoxin; azatyrosine; baccatin III derivatives; balanol; batimastat; BCR/ABL antagonists; benzochlorins; benzoylstaurosporine; beta lactam derivatives; beta-alethine; betaclamycin B; betulinic acid; bFGF inhibitor; bicalutamide; bisantrene; bisaziridinylspermine; bisnafide; bistratene A; bizelesin; breflate; bropirimine; budotitane; buthionine sulfoximine; calcipotriol; calphostin C; camptothecin derivatives; canarypox IL-2; capecitabine; carboxamide-amino-triazole; carboxyamidotriazole; CaRest M3; CARN 700; cartilage derived inhibitor; carzelesin; casein kinase inhibitors (ICOS); castanospermine; cecropin B; cetrorelix; chlorins; chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide; cicaprost; cis-porphyrin; cladribine; clomifene analogues; clotrimazole; collismycin A; collismycin B; combretastatin A4; combretastatin analogue; conagenin; crambescidin 816; crisnatol; cryptophycin 8; cryptophycin A derivatives; craving A; cyclopentanthraquinones; cycloplatam; cypemycin; cytarabine ocfosfate; cytolytic factor; cytostatin; dacliximab; decitabine; dehydrodidemnin B; deslorelin; dexamethasone; dexifosfamide; dexrazoxane; dexverapamil; diaziquone; didemnin B; didox; diethylnorspermine; dihydro-5-azacytidine; dihydrotaxol, 9-; dioxamycin; diphenyl spiromustine; docetaxel; docosanol; dolasetron; doxifluridine; droloxifene; dronabinol; duocarmycin SA; ebselen; ecomustine; edelfosine; edrecolomab; eflornithine; elemene; emitefur; epirubicin; epristeride; estramustine analogue; estrogen agonists; estrogen antagonists; etanidazole; etoposide phosphate; exemestane; fadrozole; fazarabine; fenretinide; filgrastim; finasteride; flavopiridol; flezelastine; fluasterone; fludarabine; fluorodaunorunicin hydrochloride; forfenimex; formestane; fostriecin; fotemustine; gadolinium texaphyrin; gallium nitrate; galocitabine; ganirelix; gelatinase inhibitors; gemcitabine; glutathione inhibitors; hepsulfam; heregulin; hexamethylene bisacetamide; hypericin; ibandronic acid; idarubicin; idoxifene; idramantone; ilmofosine; ilomastat; imidazoacridones; imiquimod; immunostimulant peptides; insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor inhibitor; interferon agonists; interferons; interleukins; iobenguane; iododoxorubicin; ipomeanol, 4-; iroplact; irsogladine; isobengazole; isohomohalicondrin B; itasetron; jasplakinolide; kahalalide F; lamellarin-N triacetate; lanreotide; leinamycin; lenograstim; lentinan sulfate; leptolstatin; letrozole; leukemia inhibiting factor; leukocyte alpha interferon; leuprolide+estrogen+progesterone; leuprorelin; levamisole; liarozole; linear polyamine analogue; lipophilic disaccharide peptide; lipophilic platinum compounds; lissoclinamide 7; lobaplatin; lombricine; lometrexol; lonidamine; losoxantrone; lovastatin; loxoribine; lurtotecan; lutetium texaphyrin; lysofylline; lytic peptides; maitansine; mannostatin A; marimastat; masoprocol; maspin; matrilysin inhibitors; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors; menogaril; merbarone; meterelin; methioninase; metoclopramide; MIF inhibitor; mifepristone; miltefosine; mirimostim; mismatched double stranded RNA; mitoguazone; mitolactol; mitomycin analogues; mitonafide; mitotoxin fibroblast growth factor-saporin; mitoxantrone; mofarotene; molgramostim; monoclonal antibody, human chorionic gonadotrophin; monophosphoryl lipid A+myobacterium cell wall sk; mopidamol; multiple drug resistance gene inhibitor; multiple tumor suppressor 1-based therapy; mustard anticancer agent; mycaperoxide B; mycobacterial cell wall extract; myriaporone; N-acetyldinaline; N-substituted benzamides; nafarelin; nagrestip; naloxone+pentazocine; napavin; naphterpin; nartograstim; nedaplatin; nemorubicin; neridronic acid; neutral endopeptidase; nilutamide; nisamycin; nitric oxide modulators; nitroxide antioxidant; nitrullyn; O6-benzylguanine; octreotide; okicenone; oligonucleotides; onapristone; odansteron; oracin; oral cytokine inducer; ormaplatin; osaterone; oxaliplatin; oxaunomycin; paclitaxel; paclitaxel analogues; paclitaxel derivatives; palauamine; palmitoylrhizoxin; pamidronic acid; panaxytriol; panomifene; parabactin; pazelliptine; pegaspargase; peldesine; pentosan polysulfate sodium; pentostatin; pentrozole; perflubron; perfosfamide; perillyl alcohol; phenazinomycin; phenylacetate; phosphatase inhibitors; picibanil; pilocarpine hydrochloride; pirarubicin; piritrexim; placetin A; placetin B; plasminogen activator inhibitor; platinum complex; platinum compounds; platinum-triamine complex; porfimer sodium; porfiromycin; prednisone; propyl bis-acridone; prostaglandin J2; proteasome inhibitors; protein A-based immune modulator; protein kinase C inhibitor; protein kinase C inhibitors, microalgal; protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors; purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors; purpurins; pyrazoloacridine; pyridoxylated hemoglobin polyoxyethylene conjugate; raf antagonists; raltitrexed; ramosetron; ras farnesyl protein transferase inhibitors; ras inhibitors; ras-GAP inhibitor; retelliptine demethylated; rhenium Re 186 etidronate; rhizoxin; ribozymes; RII retinamide; rogletimide; rohitukine; romurtide; roquinimex; rubiginone B1; ruboxyl; safingol; saintopin; SarCNU; sarcophytol A; sargramostim; Sdi 1 mimetics; semustine; senescence derived inhibitor 1; sense oligonucleotides; signal transduction inhibitors; signal transduction modulators; single chain antigen binding protein; sizofiran; sobuzoxane; sodium borocaptate; sodium phenylacetate; solverol; somatomedin binding protein; sonermin; sparfosic acid; spicamycin D; spiromustine; splenopentin; spongistatin 1; squalamine; stem cell inhibitor; stem-cell division inhibitors; stipiamide; stromelysin inhibitors; sulfinosine; superactive vasoactive intestinal peptide antagonist; suradista; suramin; swainsonine; synthetic glycosaminoglycans; tallimustine; tamoxifen methiodide; tauromustine; tazarotene; tecogalan sodium; tegafur; tellurapyrylium; telomerase inhibitors; temoporfin; temozolomide; teniposide; tetrachlorodecaoxide; tetrazomine; thaliblastine; thiocoraline; thrombopoietin; thrombopoietin mimetic; thymalfasin; thymopoietin receptor agonist; thymotrinan; thyroid stimulating hormone; tin ethyl etiopurpurin; tirapazamine; titanocene bichloride; topsentin; toremifene; totipotent stem cell factor; translation inhibitors; tretinoin; triacetyluridine; triciribine; trimetrexate; triptorelin; tropisetron; turosteride; tyrosine kinase inhibitors; tyrphostins; UBC inhibitors; ubenimex; urogenital sinus-derived growth inhibitory factor; urokinase receptor antagonists; vapreotide; variolin B; vector system, erythrocyte gene therapy; velaresol; veramine; verdins; verteporfin; vinorelbine; vinxaltine; vitaxin; vorozole; zanoterone; zeniplatin; zilascorb; and zinostatin stimalamer.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing UI include, but are not limited to, propantheline, imipramine, hyoscyamine, oxybutynin, and dicyclomine.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing an ulcer include, antacids such as aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, and calcium bicarbonate; sucraflate; bismuth compounds such as bismuth subsalicylate and bismuth subcitrate; H₂ antagonists such as cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, and nizatidine; H+, K+—ATPase inhibitors such as omeprazole, iansoprazole, and lansoprazole; carbenoxolone; misprostol; and antibiotics such as tetracycline, metronidazole, timidazole, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing IBD include, but are not limited to, anticholinergic drugs; diphenoxylate; loperamide; deodorized opium tincture; codeine; broad-spectrum antibiotics such as metronidazole; sulfasalazine; olsalazine; mesalamine; prednisone; azathioprine; mercaptopurine; and methotrexate.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing IBS include, but are not limited to, propantheline; muscarine receptor antogonists such as pirenzapine, methoctramine, ipratropium, tiotropium, scopolamine, methscopolamine, homatropine, homatropine methylbromide, and methantheline; and antidiarrheal drugs such as diphenoxylate and loperamide.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing an addictive disorder include, but are not limited to, methadone, desipramine, amantadine, fluoxetine, buprenorphine, an opiate agonist, 3-phenoxypyridine, levomethadyl acetate hydrochloride, and serotonin antagonists.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism include, but are not limited to, carbidopa/levodopa, pergolide, bromocriptine, ropinirole, pramipexole, entacapone, tolcapone, selegiline, amantadine, and trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing anxiety include, but are not limited to, benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam, brotizolam, chlordiazepoxide, clobazam, clonazepam, clorazepate, demoxepam, diazepam, estazolam, flumazenil, flurazepam, halazepam, lorazepam, midazolam, nitrazepam, nordazepam, oxazepam, prazepam, quazepam, temazepam, and triazolam; non-benzodiazepine agents, such as buspirone, gepirone, ipsapirone, tiospirone, zolpicone, zolpidem, and zaleplon; tranquilizers, such as barbituates, e.g., amobarbital, aprobarbital, butabarbital, butalbital, mephobarbital, methohexital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, secobarbital, and thiopental; and propanediol carbamates, such as meprobamate and tybamate.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing epilepsy include, but are not limited to, carbamazepine, ethosuximide, gabapentin, lamotrigine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, valproic acid, trimethadione, benzodiazepines, γ-vinyl GABA, acetazolamide, and felbamate.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing stroke include, but are not limited to, anticoagulants such as heparin, agents that break up clots such as streptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator, agents that reduce swelling such as mannitol or corticosteroids, and acetylsalicylic acid.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing a seizure include, but are not limited to, carbamazepine, ethosuximide, gabapentin, lamotrigine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, valproic acid, trimethadione, benzodiazepines, gabapentin, lamotrigine, γ-vinyl GABA, acetazolamide, and felbamate.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing a pruritic condition include, but are not limited to, naltrexone; nalmefene; danazol; tricyclics such as amitriptyline, imipramine, and doxepin; antidepressants such as those given below, menthol; camphor; phenol; pramoxine; capsaicin; tar; steroids; and antihistamines.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing psychosis include, but are not limited to, phenothiazines such as chlorpromazine hydrochloride, mesoridazine besylate, and thoridazine hydrochloride; thioxanthenes such as chloroprothixene and thiothixene hydrochloride; clozapine; risperidone; olanzapine; quetiapine; quetiapine fumarate; haloperidol; haloperidol decanoate; loxapine succinate; molindone hydrochloride; pimozide; and ziprasidone.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing Huntington's chorea include, but are not limited to, haloperidol and pimozide.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing ALS include, but are not limited to, baclofen, neurotrophic factors, riluzole, tizanidine, benzodiazepines such as clonazepan and dantrolene.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing cognitive disorders include, but are not limited to, agents for treating or preventing dementia such as tacrine; donepezil; ibuprofen; antipsychotic drugs such as thioridazine and haloperidol; and antidepressant drugs such as those given below.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing a migraine include, but are not limited to, sumatriptan; methysergide; ergotamine; caffeine; and beta-blockers such as propranolol, verapamil, and divalproex.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating, inhibiting, or preventing vomiting include, but are not limited to, 5-HT₃ receptor antagonists such as odansteron, dolasetron, granisetron, and tropisetron; dopamine receptor antagonists such as prochlorperazine, thiethylperazine, chlorpromazin, metoclopramide, and domperidone; glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone; and benzodiazepines such as lorazepam and alprazolam.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing dyskinesia include, but are not limited to, reserpine and tetrabenazine.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing depression include, but are not limited to, tricyclic antidepressants such as amitryptyline, amoxapine, bupropion, clomipramine, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, maprotiline, nefazadone, nortriptyline, protriptyline, trazodone, trimipramine, and venlafaxine; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and setraline; monoamine oxidase inhibitors such as isocarboxazid, pargyline, phenelzine, and tranylcypromine; and psychostimulants such as dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate.

A Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound and the other therapeutic agent can act additively or, in one embodiment, synergistically. In one embodiment, a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound is administered concurrently with another therapeutic agent. In one embodiment, a composition comprising an effective amount of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound and an effective amount of another therapeutic agent can be administered. Alternatively, a composition comprising an effective amount of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound and a different composition comprising an effective amount of another therapeutic agent can be concurrently administered. In another embodiment, an effective amount of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound is administered prior or subsequent to administration of an effective amount of another therapeutic agent. In this embodiment, the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound is administered while the other therapeutic agent exerts its therapeutic effect, or the other therapeutic agent is administered while the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound exerts its preventative or therapeutic effect for treating or a Condition.

A composition of the invention is prepared by a method comprising admixing a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. Admixing can be accomplished using methods well known for admixing a compound (or salt) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In one embodiment the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the Compound is present in the composition in an effective amount.

3.8.2 Kits

The invention encompasses kits that can simplify the administration of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound to an animal.

A typical kit of the invention comprises a unit dosage form of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound. In one embodiment, the unit dosage form is a container, which can be sterile, containing an effective amount of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. The kit can further comprise a label or printed instructions instructing the use of the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound to treat or prevent a Condition. The kit can also further comprise a unit dosage form of another therapeutic agent, for example, a container containing an effective amount of the other therapeutic agent. In one embodiment, the kit comprises a container containing an effective amount of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound and an effective amount of another therapeutic agent. Examples of other therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, those listed above.

Kits of the invention can further comprise a device that is useful for administering the unit dosage forms. Examples of such a device includes, but are not limited to, a syringe, a drip bag, a patch, an inhaler, and an enema bag.

The following examples are set forth to assist in understanding the invention and should not, of course, be construed as specifically limiting the invention described and claimed herein. Such variations of the invention, including the substitution of all equivalents now known or later developed, which would be within the purview of those skilled in the art, and changes in formulation or minor changes in experimental design, are to be considered to fall within the scope of the invention incorporated herein.

4. EXAMPLES

Examples 1-6 relate to the synthesis of illustrative Pytidazinylpiperazine Compounds.

4.1. Example 1 Synthesis of 4-(4-Methyl-6-Chloro-Pyridazin-3-yl)-Piperazine-1-Carboxylic Acid (4-Tert-Butyl-Phenyl)-Amide (Compound A49)

To a solution of 3,6-dichloro-4-methylpyridazine (150 mg, 0.92 mmol) in 2 mL of DMSO at about 135° C. was added piperazine (79 mg, 0.92 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at about 135° C. for about 1.5 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature. Analysis of the reaction mixture using liquid chromatography-mass spectral analysis (LC/MS) showed the formation of Compound 1, Compound 2, and about 20 percent of a mixture of dimers having the the structures shown below:

4-Tert-butylphenylisocyanate (0.92 mmol) was added to the cooled reaction mixture and the resulting mixture allowed to stir at room temperature for about 30 min. Analysis of the reaction mixture using LC/MS showed the presence of Compound 3 and Compound A49 in a ratio of 1:5.5. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to provide a crude mixture of Compound 3 and Compound A49 that was purified by column chromatography using a silica-gel column eluted with 0-100% ethyl acetate/hexane to provide a mixture of Compound 3 and Compound A49. Compound A49 can be isolated from the mixture of Compound 3 and Compound A49 using conventional techniques such as chromatography or recrystallization.

4.2. Example 2 Synthesis of 4-(4-Methyl-Pyridazin-3-yl)-Piperazine-1-Carboxylic Acid (4-Tert Butyl-Phenyl)-Amide (Compound A17)

A mixture of Compound 3 and Compound A49, prepared as described in Example 4.1, was dissolved in methanol and reduced with H₂ over Pd for about 2 h at room temperature. The resulting solution was then purified and separated by column chromatography using a silica-gel column eluted with 0-100% ethyl acetate/hexane to provide 4-(5-Methyl-pyridazin-3-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid (4-tert-butyl-phenyl)-amide (Compound 5) and 4-(4-Methyl-pyridazin-3-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid (4-tert-butyl-phenyl)-amide (Compound A17).

The identity of Compound 5 and Compound A17 was confirmed using ¹H NMR.

Compound 5: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.77 (bs, 1H), 7.35-7.25 (m, 4H+CHCl₃), 7.15 (bs, 1H), 6.45 (bs, 1H), 3.73-3.62 (m, 4H), 3.42-3.32 (m, 4H) 2.35 (s, 3H), 1.3 (s, 9H).

Compound A17: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.51 (s, 1H), 7.54-7.30 (m, 4H), 6.74 (s, 1H), 6.51 (s, 1H), 3.80-3.69 (m, 8H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 1.32 (s, 9H).

4.3. Example 3 Synthesis of 4-(4-Methyl-6-Chloro-Pyridazin-3-yl)-Piperazine-1-Carboxylic Acid (4-Trifluoromethyl-Phenyl)-Amide (Compound A55)

A mixture of Compound A55 and Compound 8 was prepared by a procedure analogous to that used to prepare the mixture of Compound 3 and Compound A49 described in Example 4.1 except that 4-trifluorophenylisocyanate was used in place of 4-tert-butylphenylisocyanate.

Compound A55 can be isolated from the mixture of Compound A55 and Compound 8 using conventional techniques such as chromatography or recrystallization.

4.4. Example 4 Synthesis of 4-(4-Methyl-Pyridazin-3-yl)-Piperazine-1-Carboxylic Acid (4-Trifluoromethyl-Phenyl)-Amide (Compound A23)

A mixture of Compound A55 and Compound 8 was prepared as described in Example 4.3. The mixture of Compound A55 and Compound 8 was reduced with H₂ over Pd and purified and separated by a procedure analogous to the procedure used to prepare Compound 5 and Compound A17 described in Example 4.2 to provide Compound A23 and Compound 10.

The identity of Compound A23 and Compound 10 was confirmed using ¹H NMR.

Compound A23: ¹NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.42 (s, 1H), 7.69-7.51 (m, 4H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 3.83-3.65 (m, 4H), 3.44-3.24 (m, 4H), 2.34 (s, 3H).

Compound 10: ¹NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.72 (bs, 1H), 7.71-7.53 (m, 4H), 7.42 (bs, 1H), 3.85-3.72 (m, 4H), 3.45-3.34 (m, 4H), 2.42 (s, 3H).

4.5. Example 5 Synthesis of 4-(4-Methyl-6-Chloro-Pyridazin-3-yl)-PIPERAZINE-1-CARBOXYLIC ACID (4-Trifluoromethoxy-Phenyl)-Amide (Compound A57)

A mixture of Compound A57 and Compound 12 was prepared by a procedure analogous to that used to prepare the mixture of Compound 3 and Compound A49 described in Example 4.1 except that 4-trifluoromethoxyphenylisocyanate was used in place of 4-tert-butylphenylisocyanate.

Compound A57 can be isolated from the mixture of Compound A57 and Compound 12 using conventional techniques such as chromatography or recrystallization.

4.6. Example 6 Synthesis of 4-(4-Methyl-Pyridazin-3-yl)-Piperazine-1-Carboxylic Acid (4-Trifluoromethoxy-Phenyl)-Amide (Compound A25)

A mixture of Compound A57 and Compound 12 was prepared as described in Example 4.5. The mixture of Compound A57 and Compound 12 was reduced with H₂ over Pd and purified and separated by a procedure analogous to the procedure used to prepare Compound 5 and Compound A17 described in Example 4.2 to provide Compound A25 and Compound 14.

The identity of Compound A25 and Compound 14 was confirmed using ¹H NMR.

Compound A25: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 3 8.72 (s, 1H), 7.57-7.38 (m, 3H), 7.29-7.12 (m, 2H), 3.84-3.66 (m, 4H), 3.45-3.20 (m, 4H+methanol), 2.49 (s, 3H).

Compound 14: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.69 (bs, 1H), 7.51-7.46 (m, 4H), 7.21 (bs, 1H), 3.76-3.74 (m, 4H), 3.37-3.32 (m, 4H), 2.35 (s, 3H).

4.7. Example 7 Binding of Tetrahydropiperidyl Compounds to mGluR5

The following assay can be used to demonstrates Piperidine Compounds that bind to and modulate the activity of mGluR5.

Cell cultures: Primary glial cultures are prepared from cortices of Sprague-Dawley 18 days old embryos. The cortices are dissected and then dissociated by trituration. The resulting cell homogenate is plated onto poly-D-lysine precoated T175 flasks (BIOCOAT, commercially available from Becton Dickinson and Company Inc. of Franklin Lakes, N.J.) in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (“DMEM,” pH 7.4), buffered with 25 mM HEPES, and supplemented with 15% fetal calf serum (“FCS,” commercially available from Hyclone Laboratories Inc. of Omaha, Nebr.), and incubated at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. After 24 hours, FCS supplementation is reduced to 10%. On day six, oligodendrocytes and microglia are removed by strongly tapping the sides of the flasks. One day following this purification step, secondary astrocyte cultures are established by subplating onto 96 poly-D-lysine precoated T175 flasks (BIOCOAT) at a density of 65,000 cells/well in DMEM and 10% FCS. After 24 hours, the astrocytes are washed with serum free medium and then cultured in DMEM, without glutamate, supplemented with 0.5% FCS, 20 mM HEPES, 10 ng/mL epidermal growth factor (“EGF”), 1 mM sodium pyruvate, and 1× penicillin/streptomycin at pH 7.5 for 3 to 5 days at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. The procedure allows the expression of the mGluR5 receptor by astrocytes, as demonstrated by S. Miller et al., J. Neuroscience 15(9):6103-6109 (1995).

Assay Protocol: After 3-5 days incubation with EGF, the astrocytes are washed with 127 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 2 mM MgCl₂, 700 mM NaH₂PO₄, 2 mM CaCl₂, 5 mM NaHCO₃, 8 mM HEPES, 10 mM Glucose at pH 7.4 (“Assay Buffer”) and loaded with the dye Fluo-4 (commercially available from Molecular Probes Inc. of Eugene, Oreg.) using 0.1 mL of Assay Buffer containing Fluo-4 (3 mM final). After 90 minutes of dye loading, the cells are then washed twice with 0.2 mL Assay Buffer and resuspended in 0.1 mL of Assay Buffer. The plates containing the astrocytes are then transferred to a Fluorometric Imaging Plate reader (commercially available from Molecular Devices Corporation of Sunnyvale, Calif.) for the assessment of calcium mobilization flux in the presence of glutamate and in the presence or absence of antagonist. After monitoring fluorescence for 15 seconds to establish a baseline, DMSO solutions containing various concentrations of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound diluted in Assay Buffer (0.05 mL of 4× dilutions for competition curves) are added to the cell plate and fluorescence is monitored for 2 minutes. 0.05 mL of a 4× glutamate solution (agonist) is then added to each well to provide a final glutamate concentration in each well of 10 mM. Plate fluorescence is then monitored for an additional 60 seconds after agonist addition. The final DMSO concentration in the assay is 1.0%. In each experiment, fluorescence is monitored as a function of time and the data analyzed using Microsoft Excel and GraphPad Prism. Dose-response curves are fit using a non-linear regression to determine IC₅₀ value. In each experiment, each data point is determined two times. The results of this assay will demonstrate that Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds bind to and modulate the activity of mGluR5.

4.8. Example 8 In Vivo Assays for Prevention or Treatment of Pain

Test Animals: Each experiment uses rats weighing between 200-260 g at the start of the experiment. The rats are group-housed and have free access to food and water at all times, except prior to oral administration of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound when food is removed for 16 hours before dosing. A control group acts as a comparison to rats treated with a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound. The control group is administered the carrier for the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound. The volume of carrier administered to the control group is the same as the volume of carrier and Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound administered to the test group.

Acute Pain: To assess the actions of the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds for the treatment or prevention of acute pain the rat tail flick test can be used. Rats are placed inside a cotton pouch and the tail exposed to a focused beam of radiant heat at a point 3 cm from the tip using a tail flick unit (Model 7360, commercially available from Ugo Basile of Italy). Tail flick latencies are defined as the interval between the onset of the thermal stimulus and the flick of the tail. Animals not responding within 15 seconds are removed from the tail flick unit and assigned a withdrawal latency of 15 seconds. Tail flick latencies are measured immediately before (pre-treatment) and 1, 3, and 6 hours following administration of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound. Data are expressed as tail flick latency(s) and the percentage of the maximal possible effect (% MPE), i.e., 15 seconds, is calculated as follows:

${\%\mspace{14mu}{MPE}} = {\frac{\left\lbrack {\left( {{post}\mspace{14mu}{administration}\mspace{14mu}{latency}} \right) - \left( {{pre}\text{-}{administration}\mspace{14mu}{latency}} \right)} \right\rbrack}{\left( {15\mspace{14mu} s\mspace{14mu}{pre}\text{-}{administration}\mspace{14mu}{latency}} \right)} \times 100}$

The rat tail flick test is described in F. E. D'Amour et al., “A Method for Determining Loss of Pain Sensation,” J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 72:74-79 (1941). The results will demonstrate Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds that are useful for treating or preventing acute pain.

Acute pain can also be assessed by measuring the animal's response to noxious mechanical stimuli by determining the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT), as described below.

Inflammatory Pain: To assess the actions of the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds for the treatment or prevention of inflammatory pain the Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) model of inflammatory pain is used. FCA-induced inflammation of the rat hind paw is associated with the development of persistent inflammatory mechanical hyperalgesia and provides reliable prediction of the anti-hyperalgesic action of clinically useful analgesic drugs (L. Bartho et al., “Involvement of Capsaicin-sensitive Neurones in Hyperalgesia and Enhanced Opioid Antinociception in Inflammation,” Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 342:666-670 (1990)). The left hind paw of each animal is administered a 50 μL intraplantar injection of 100% FCA. 24 hour post injection, the animal is assessed for response to noxious mechanical stimuli by determining the PWT, as described below. Rats are then administered a single injection of 1, 3, 10 or 30 mg/Kg of either a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound, 30 mg/Kg indomethacin or carrier. Responses to noxious mechanical stimuli are then determined 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours post administration. Percentage reversal of hyperalgesia for each animal is defined as:

${\%\mspace{14mu}{Reversal}} = {\frac{\left\lbrack {\left( {{post}\mspace{14mu}{administration}\mspace{14mu}{PWT}} \right) - \left( {{pre}\text{-}{administration}\mspace{14mu}{PWT}} \right)} \right\rbrack}{\left( {{Baseline}\mspace{14mu}{pre}\text{-}{administration}\mspace{14mu}{PWT}} \right)} \times 100}$

The results will demonstrate that Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds are useful for treating or preventing inflammatory pain.

Neuropathic Pain: To assess the actions of the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds for the treatment or prevention of neuropathic pain either the Seltzer model or the Chung model can be used.

In the Seltzer model, the partial sciatic nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain is used to produce neuropathic hyperalgesia in rats (Z. Seltzer et al., “A Novel Behavioral Model of Neuropathic Pain Disorders Produced in Rats by Partial Sciatic Nerve Injury,” Pain 43:205-218 (1990)). Partial ligation of the left sciatic nerve is performed under isoflurane/O₂ inhalation anaesthesia. Following induction of anesthesia, the left thigh of the rat is shaved and the sciatic nerve exposed at high thigh level through a small incision and is carefully cleared of surrounding connective tissues at a site near the trocanther just distal to the point at which the posterior biceps semitendinosus nerve branches off of the common sciatic nerve. A 7-0 silk suture is inserted into the nerve with a ⅜ curved, reversed-cutting mini-needle and tightly ligated so that the dorsal ⅓ to ½ of the nerve thickness is held within the ligature. The wound is closed with a single muscle suture (7-0 silk) and a Michelle clip. Following surgery, the wound area is dusted with antibiotic powder. Sham-treated rats undergo an identical surgical procedure except that the sciatic nerve is not manipulated. Following surgery, animals are weighed and placed on a warm pad until they recover from anesthesia. Animals are then returned to their home cages until behavioral testing begins. The animal is assessed for response to noxious mechanical stimuli by determining PWT, as described below, immediately prior to and 1, 3, and 6 hours after drug administration for both the left rear paw and right rear paw of the animal. Percentage reversal of neuropathic hyperalgesia is defined as: % reversal=100−[(right pre-administration PWT−left post-administration PWT)/(right pre-administration PWT−left pre-administration PWT)]×100.

In the Chung model, the spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain is used to produce mechanical hyperalgesia, thermal hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia in rats. Surgery is performed under isoflurane/O₂ inhalation anaesthesia. Following induction of anaesthesia a 3 cm incision is made and the left paraspinal muscles are separated from the spinous process at the L₄-S₂ levels. The L₆ transverse process is carefully removed with a pair of small rongeurs to identify visually the L₄-L₆ spinal nerves. The left L₅ (or L₅ and L₆) spinal nerve(s) is isolated and tightly ligated with silk thread. A complete hemostasis is confirmed and the wound is sutured using non-absorbable sutures, such as nylon sutures or stainless steel staples. Sham-treated rats undergo an identical surgical procedure except that the spinal nerve(s) is not manipulated. Following surgery animals are weighed, administered a subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of saline or ringers lactate, the wound area is dusted with antibiotic powder and they are kept on a warm pad until they recover from the anesthesia. Animals are then be returned to their home cages until behavioral testing begins. The animals are assessed for response to noxious mechanical stimuli by determining PWT, as described below, immediately prior to and 1, 3, and 5 hours after being administered a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound for both the left rear paw and right rear paw of the animal. The animal can also be assessed for response to noxious thermal stimuli or for tactile allodynia, as described below. The Chung model for neuropathic pain is described in S. H. Kim, “An Experimental Model for Peripheral Neuropathy Produced by Segmental Spinal Nerve Ligation in the Rat,” Pain 50(3):355-363 (1992). The results will demonstrate that Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds are useful for treating or preventing neuropathic pain.

Response to Mechanical Stimuli as an Assessment of Mechanical Hyperalgesia: The paw pressure assay can be used to assess mechanical hyperalgesia. For this assay, hind paw withdrawal thresholds (PWT) to a noxious mechanical stimulus are determined using an analgesymeter (Model 7200, commercially available from Ugo Basile of Italy) as described in C. Stein, “Unilateral Inflammation of the Hindpaw in Rats as a Model of Prolonged Noxious Stimulation: Alterations in Behavior and Nociceptive Thresholds,” Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 31:451-455 (1988). The maximum weight that can be applied to the hind paw is set at 250 g and the end point is taken as complete withdrawal of the paw. PWT is determined once for each rat at each time point and only the affected (ipsilateral) paw is tested.

Response to Thermal Stimuli as an Assessment of Thermal Hyperalgesia: The plantar test can be used to assess thermal hyperalgesia. For this test, hind paw withdrawal latencies to a noxious thermal stimulus are determined using a plantar test apparatus (commercially available from Ugo Basile of Italy) following the technique described by K. Hargreaves et al., “A New and Sensitive Method for Measuring Thermal Nociception in Cutaneous Hyperalgesia,” Pain 32(1):77-88 (1988). The maximum exposure time is set at 32 seconds to avoid tissue damage and any directed paw withdrawal from the heat source is taken as the end point. Three latencies are determined at each time point and averaged. Only the affected (ipsilateral) paw is tested.

Assessment of Tactile Allodvnia: To assess tactile allodynia, rats are placed in clear, plexiglass compartments with a wire mesh floor and allowed to habituate for a period of at least 15 minutes. After habituation, a series of von Frey monofilaments are presented to the plantar surface of the left (operated) foot of each rat. The series of von Frey monofilaments consists of six monofilaments of increasing diameter, with the smallest diameter fiber presented first. Five trials are conducted with each filament with each trial separated by approximately 2 minutes. Each presentation lasts for a period of 4-8 seconds or until a nociceptive withdrawal behavior is observed. Flinching, paw withdrawal or licking of the paw are considered nociceptive behavioral responses.

4.9. Example 9 In Vivo Assays for Prevention or Treatment of Anxiety

The elevated plus maze test or the shock-probe burying test can be used to assess the anxiolytic activity of Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds in rats or mice.

The Elevated Plus Maze Test: The elevated plus maze consists of a platform with 4 arms, two open and two closed (50×10×50 cm enclosed with an open roof). Rats (or mice) are placed in the center of the platform, at the crossroad of the 4 arms, facing one of the closed arms. Time spent in the open arms vs the closed arms and number of open arm entries during the testing period are recorded. This test is conducted prior to drug administration and again after drug administration. Test results are expressed as the mean time spent in open arms and the mean number of entries into open arms. Known anxiolytic drugs increase both the time spent in open arms and number of open arm entries. The elevated plus maze test is described in D. Treit, “Animal Models for the Study of Anti-anxiety Agents: A Review,” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 9(2):203-222 (1985).

The Shock-Probe Burying Test: For the shock-probe burying test the testing apparatus consists of a plexiglass box measuring 40×30×40 cm, evenly covered with approximately 5 cm of bedding material (odor absorbent kitty litter) with a small hole in one end through which a shock probe (6.5 cm long and 0.5 cm in diameter) is inserted. The plexiglass shock probe is helically wrapped with two copper wires through which an electric current is administered. The current is set at 2 mA. Rats are habituated to the testing apparatus for 30 min on 4 consecutive days without the shock probe in the box. On test day, rats are placed in one corner of the test chamber following drug administration. The probe is not electrified until the rat touches it with its snout or fore paws, at which point the rat receives a brief 2 mA shock. The 15 min testing period begins once the rat receives its first shock and the probe remains electrified for the remainder of the testing period. The shock elicits burying behavior by the rat. Following the first shock, the duration of time the rat spends spraying bedding material toward or over the probe with its snout or fore paws (burying behavior) is measured as well as the number of contact-induced shocks the rat receives from the probe. Known anxiolytic drugs reduce the amount of burying behavior. In addition, an index of the rat's reactivity to each shock is scored on a 4 point scale. The total time spent immobile during the 15 min testing period is used as an index of general activity. The shock-probe burying test is described in D. Treit, 1985, supra. The results will demonstrate that Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds are useful for treating or preventing anxiety.

4.10. Example 10 In Vivo Assays for Prevention or Treatment of an Addictive Disorder

The condition place preference test or drug self-administration test can be used to assess the ability of Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds to attenuate the rewarding properties of known drugs of abuse.

The Condition Place Preference Test: The apparatus for the conditioned place preference test consists of two large compartments (45×45×30 cm) made of wood with a plexiglass front wall. These two large compartments are distinctly different. Doors at the back of each large compartment lead to a smaller box (36×18×20 cm) box made of wood, painted grey, with a ceiling of wire mesh. The two large compartments differ in terms of shading (white vs black), level of illumination (the plexiglass door of the white compartment is covered with aluminum foil except for a window of 7×7 cm), texture (the white compartment has a 3 cm thick floor board (40×40 cm) with nine equally spaced 5 cm diameter holes and the black has a wire mesh floor), and olfactory cues (saline in the white compartment and 1 mL of 10% acetic acid in the black compartment). On habituation and testing days, the doors to the small box remain open, giving the rat free access to both large compartments.

The first session that a rat is placed in the apparatus is a habituation session and entrances to the smaller grey compartment remain open giving the rat free access to both large compartments. During habituation, rats generally show no preference for either compartment. Following habituation, rats are given 6 conditioning sessions. Rats are divided into 4 groups: carrier pre-treatment+carrier (control group), 2-Pyrimidinylpiperazine Compound pre-treatment+carrier, carrier pre-treatment+morphine, 2-Pyrimidinylpiperazine Compound pre-treatment+morphine. During each conditioning session the rat is injected with one of the drug combinations and confined to one compartment for 30 min. On the following day, the rat receives a carrier+carrier treatment and is confined to the other large compartment. Each rat receives three conditioning sessions consisting of 3 drug combination-compartment and 3 carrier-compartment pairings. The order of injections and the drug/compartment pairings are counterbalanced within groups. On the test day, rats are injected prior to testing (30 min to 1 hour) with either morphine or carrier and the rat is placed in the apparatus, the doors to the grey compartment remain open and the rat is allowed to explore the entire apparatus for 20 min. The time spent in each compartment is recorded. Known drugs of abuse increase the time spent in the drug-paired compartment during the testing session. If the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound blocks the acquisition of morphine conditioned place preference (reward), there will be no difference in time spent in each side in rats pre-treated with a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound and the group will not be different from the group of rats that was given carrier+carrier in both compartments. Data will be analyzed as time spent in each compartment (drug combination-paired vs carrier-paired). Generally, the experiment is repeated with a minimum of 3 doses of a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound.

The Drug Self-Administration Test: The apparatus for the drug self-administration test is a standard commercially available operant conditioning chamber. Before drug trials begin rats are trained to press a lever for a food reward. After stable lever pressing behavior is acquired, rats are tested for acquisition of lever pressing for drug reward. Rats are implanted with chronically indwelling jugular catheters for i.v. administration of compounds and are allowed to recover for 7 days before training begins. Experimental sessions are conducted daily for 5 days in 3 hour sessions. Rats are trained to self-administer a known drug of abuse, such as morphine. Rats are then presented with two levers, an “active” lever and an “inactive” lever. Pressing of the active lever results in drug infusion on a fixed ratio 1 (FR1) schedule (i.e., one lever press gives an infusion) followed by a 20 second time out period (signaled by illumination of a light above the levers). Pressing of the inactive lever results in infusion of excipient. Training continues until the total number of morphine infusions stabilizes to within ±10% per session. Trained rats are then used to evaluate the effect of Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds pre-treatment on drug self-administration. On test day, rats are pre-treated with a Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound or excipient and then are allowed to self-administer drug as usual. If the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound blocks the rewarding effects of morphine, rats pre-treated with the Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound will show a lower rate of responding compared to their previous rate of responding and compared to excipient pre-treated rats. Data is analyzed as the change in number of drug infusions per testing session (number of infusions during test session−number of infusions during training session). The results of this test will demonstrate that Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds are useful for treating or preventing an addictive disorder.

4.11. Example 11 Functional Assay for Characterizing mGluR1 Antagonistic Properties

Functional assays for the characterization of mGluR1 antagonistic properties are well known in the art. For example, the following procedure can be used.

cDNA encoding rat mGluR1 a receptor is obtained from, e.g., Prof. S. Nakanishi (Kyoto, Japan). It is transiently transfected into HEK-EBNA cells using a procedure described by Schlaeger et al., New Dev. New Appl. Anim. Cell Techn., Proc. ESACT Meet., 15^(th)à (1998), 105-112 and 117-120. [Ca²⁺] measurements are performed on mGluR1 a transfected HEK-EBNA cells after incubation of the cells with Fluo-3 AM (0.5 μM final concentration) for 1 hour at 37° C. followed by 4 washes with assay buffer (DMEM supplemented with Hank's salt and 20 mM HEPES. [Ca²⁺] measurements are done using a flurometric imaging plate reader, e.g., FLIPR from Molecular Devices Corporation, La Jolla, Calif. 10 μM glutamate as agonist is used to evaluate the potency of the antagonists.

Increasing concentrations of antagonists are applied to the cells 5 minutes prior to application of the agonist. The inhibition (antagonists) curves are fitted with appropriate software, for example, the four-parameter logistic equation giving IC₅₀ and Hill coefficient using the iterative nonlinear curve fitting software Origin from Microcal Software Inc., Northampton, Mass. The results of this assay will demonstrate that Pyridazinylpiperazine Compounds bind to and modulate the activity of mGluR1.

4.12. Example 12 Binding of Pyridazinyliminopiperazine Compounds to VR1

Methods for assaying compounds capable of inhibiting VR1 are well known to those skilled in the art, for example, those methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,239,267 to Duckworth et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,406,908 to McIntyre et al.; or U.S. Pat. No. 6,335,180 to Julius et al. The results of these assays will demonstrate that Cyanoiminopiperazine Compounds bind to and modulate the activity of VR1.

Binding of Compound A17 to VR1: Assay Protocol

Human VR1 cloning. Human spinal cord RNA (commercially available from Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.) was used. Reverse transcription was conducted on 1.0 μg total RNA using Thermoscript Reverse Transcriptase (commercially available from Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) and oligo dT primers as detailed in its product description. Reverse transcription reactions were incubated at 55° C. for 1 h, heat-inactivated at 85° C. for 5 min, and RNase H-treated at 37° C. for 20 min.

Human VR1 cDNA sequence was obtained by comparison of the human genomic sequence, prior to annotation, to the published rat sequence. Intron sequences were removed and flanking exonic sequences were joined to generate the hypothetical human cDNA. Primers flanking the coding region of human VR1 were designed as follows: forward primer, GAAGATCTTCGCTGGTTGCACACTGGGCCACA; and reverse primer, GAAGATCTTCGGGGACAGTGACGGTTGGATGT.

PCR of VR1 was performed on one tenth of the Reverse transcription reaction mixture using Expand Long Template Polymerase and Expand Buffer 2 in a final volume of 50 μL according to the manufacturer's instructions (Roche Applied Sciences, Indianapolis, Ind.). After denaturation at 94° C. for 2 min PCR amplification was performed for 25 cycles at 94° C. for 15 sec, 58° C. for 30 sec, and 68° C. for 3 min followed by a final incubation at 72° C. for 7 min to complete the amplification. A PCR product of ˜2.8 kb was gel-isolated using a 1.0% agarose, Tris-Acetate gel containing 1.6 μg/mL of crystal violet and purified with a S.N.A.P. UV-Free Gel Purification Kit (commercially available from Invitrogen). The VR1 PCR product was cloned into the pIND/V5-His-TOPO vector (commercially available from Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. DNA preparations, restriction enzyme digestions, and preliminary DNA sequencing were performed according to standard protocols. Full-length sequencing confirmed the identity of the human VR1.

Generation of inducible cell lines. Unless noted otherwise, cell culture reagents were purchased from Life Technologies of Rockville, Md. HEK293-EcR cells expressing the ecdysone receptor (commercially available from Invitrogen) were cultured in Growth Medium (Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (commercially available from HYCLONE, Logan, Utah), 1×penicillin/streptomycin, 1× glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate and 400 μg/mL Zeocin (commercially available from Invitrogen)). The VR1-pIND constructs were transfected into the HEK293-EcR cell line using Fugene transfection reagent (commercially available from Roche Applied Sciences, Basel, Switzerland). After 48 h, cells were transferred to Selection Medium (Growth Medium containing 300 μg/mL G418 (commercially available from Invitrogen)). Approximately 3 weeks later individual Zeocin/G418 resistant colonies were isolated and expanded. To identify functional clones, multiple colonies were plated into 96-well plates and expression was induced for 48 h using Selection Medium supplemented with 5 μM ponasterone A (“PonA”) (commercially available from Invitrogen). On the day of assay, cells were loaded with Fluo-4 (a calcium-sensitive dye that is commercially available from Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.) and CAP-mediated calcium influx was measured using a Fluorometric Imaging Plate Reader (“FLIPR”) (commercially available from Molecular Devices Corp., Sunnyvale, Calif.) as described below. Functional clones were re-assayed, expanded, and cryopreserved.

pH-Based Assay. Two days prior to performing this assay, cells were seeded on poly-D-lysine-coated 96-well clear-bottom black plates (commercially available from Becton-Dickinson) at 75,000 cells/well in growth media containing 5 μM PonA (commercially available from Invitrogen) to induce expression. On the day of the assay, the plates were washed with 0.2 mL 1×Hank×s Balanced Salt Solution (commercially available from Life Technologies) containing 1.6 mM CaCl₂ and 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4 (“wash buffer”), and loaded using 0.1 mL of wash buffer containing Fluo-4 (3μM final concentration, commercially available from Molecular Probes). After 1 h, the cells were washed twice with 0.2 mL wash buffer and resuspended in 0.05 mL 1×Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (commercially available from Life Technologies) containing 3.5 mM CaCl₂ and 10 mM Citrate, pH 7.4 (“assay buffer”). Plates were then transferred to a FLIPR (commercially available from Molecular Devices) for assay. Compound A17 was diluted in assay buffer, and 50 mL of the resultant solution were added to the cell plates and the solution monitored for two minutes. The final concentration of Compound A17 ranged from about 50 pM to about 3 μM. Agonist buffer (wash buffer titrated with 1N HCl to provide a solution having a pH of 5.5 when mixed 1:1 with assay buffer) (0.1 mL) was then added to each well, and the plates were incubated for 1 additional minute. Data were collected over the entire time course and analyzed using Excel and Graph Pad Prism. Compound A17 when assayed according to this protocol had an IC₅₀ of 220.7±50.5 nM (n+3).

Capsaicin-based Assay. Two days prior to performing this assay, cells were seeded in poly-D-lysine-coated 96-well clear-bottom black plates (50,000 cells/well) in growth media containing 5 μM PonA (commercially available from Invitrogen) to induce expression. On the day of the assay, the plates were washed with 0.2 mL 1× Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (commercially available from Life Technologies) containing 1 mM CaCl₂ and 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, and cells were loaded using 0.1 mL of wash buffer containing Fluo-4 (3 μM final). After one hour, the cells were washed twice with 0.2 mL of wash buffer and resuspended in 0.1 mL of wash buffer. The plates were transferred to a FLIPR (commercially available from Molecular Devices) for assay. 50 μL of Compound A17 diluted with assay buffer were added to the cell plates and incubated for 2 min. The final concentration of Compound A17 ranged from about 50 pM to about 3 μM. Human VR1 was activated by the addition of 50 μL of capsaicin (400 nM), and the plates were incubated for an additional 3 min. Data were collected over the entire time course and analyzed using Excel and GraphPad Prism. Compound A17 when assayed according to this protocol had an IC₅₀ of 47.2±9.9 nM (n+3).

The results of the pH-based assay and the capsaicin-based assay demonstrate that Compound A17, an illustrative Pyridazinylpiperazine Compound, binds to and modulates the activity of human VR1.

The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments disclosed in the examples which are intended as illustrations of a few aspects of the invention and any embodiments that are functionally equivalent are within the scope of this invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art and are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.

A number of references have been cited, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. 

1. A compound of formula (II):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: A is —N(O—C₁-C₆ alkyl)-, —CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂—, or —CH═CH—; R₁ is -halo, —CH₃, —NO₂, —CN, —OH, —OCH₃, —NH₂, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or —CH₂(halo); each R₂ is independently: (a) -halo, —CN, —OH, —NO₂, or —NH₂; (b) —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups; or (c) -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups; each R₃ is independently: (a) -halo, —CN, —OH, —NO₂, or —NH₂; (b) —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups; or (c) -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups; R₄ is: (a) —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups; or (b) -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups; each R₅ is independently —CN, —OH, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇; each R₆ is independently —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, —OH, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇; each R₇ is independently —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or CH₂(halo); each halo is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; n is an integer ranging from 0 to 2; and m is an integer ranging from 0 to
 2. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein: n is 0; m is 0; and R₄is phenyl.
 3. The compound of claim 2, wherein the R₄ phenyl is unsubstituted.
 4. The compound of claim 2, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted at the 4-position.
 5. The compound of claim 4, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group.
 6. The compound of claim 5, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is a tert-butyl group.
 7. The compound of claim 5, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is an iso-propyl group.
 8. The compound of claim 4, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —CF₃ group.
 9. The compound of claim 4, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —OCF₃ group.
 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein: n is 0; m is 1; R₃ is methyl; and R₄ is phenyl.
 11. The compound of claim 10, wherein the R₄ phenyl is unsubstituted.
 12. The compound of claim 10, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted at the 4-position.
 13. The compound of claim 12, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group.
 14. The compound of claim 13, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is a tert-butyl group.
 15. The compound of claim 13, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is an iso-propyl group.
 16. The compound of claim 12, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —CF₃ group.
 17. The compound of claim 12, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —OCF₃ group.
 18. The compound of claim 1, wherein A is —N(O—C₁-C₆ alkyl)-.
 19. The compound of claim 1, wherein A is —CH₂—.
 20. The compound of claim 1, wherein A is —CH₂CH₂—.
 21. The compound of claim 1, wherein A is —CH═CH—.
 22. A composition comprising an effective amount of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 23. A method for preparing a composition, comprising the step of admixing a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 24. A compound of formula formula (IV):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Ar₂ is

R₁ is —H, -halo, —CH₃, —NO₂, —CN, —OH, —OCH₃, —NH₂, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or —CH₂(halo); each R₂ is independently: (a) -halo, —CN, —OH, —NO₂, or —NH₂; (b) —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups; or (c) -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups; each R₃ is independently: (a) -halo, —CN, —OH, —NO₂, or —NH₂; (b) —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups; or (c) -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups; each R₅ is independently —CN, —OH, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇; each R₆ is independently —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, —OH, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇; each R₇ is independently —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo); each R₈ is independently —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or CH₂(halo); each R₉ is independently —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or CH₂(halo), —CN, —OH, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇; each R₁₁ is independently —CN, —OH, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇; each halo is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; n is an integer ranging from 0 to 2; m is 0 or 1; o is an integer ranging from 0 to 4; q is an integer ranging from 0 to 6; r is an integer ranging from 0 to 5; s is an integer ranging from 0 to 4; and t is an integer ranging from 0 to
 2. 25. A composition comprising an effective amount of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 24 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 26. A method for preparing a composition, comprising the step of admixing a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 24 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 27. A compound of formula (V):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: Ar₂ is

R₁ is —H, -halo, —CH₃, —NO₂, —CN, —OH, —OCH₃, —NH₂, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or —CH₂(halo); eah R₂ is independently: (a) -halo,—CN, —OH, —NO₂, or —NH₂; (b) —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups; or (c) -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups; each R₃ is independently: (a) -halo, —CN, —OH, —NO₂, or —NH₂; (b) —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups; or (c) -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups; each R₅ is independently —CN, —OH, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇; each R₆ is independently —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, —OH, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇—COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇; each R₇ is independently —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo); each R₈ is independently —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or CH₂(halo); each R₉ is independently —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or CH₂(halo), —CN, —OH, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇; each R₁₁ is independently —CN, —OH, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇; each halo is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; n is an integer ranging from 0 to 2; m is 0 or 1; o is an integer ranging from 0 to 4; q is an integer ranging from 0 to 6; r is an integer ranging from 0 to 5; s is an integer ranging from 0 to 4; and t is an integer ranging from 0 to
 2. 28. A composition comprising an effective amount of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 27 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 29. A method for preparing a composition, comprising the step of admixing a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 27 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 30. A compound of formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: A is —NH—, —N(C₁-C₆)alkyl-, or —N—(O—C₁-C₆alkyl)-; n is 0; m is 1; R₃ is —CH₃; R₁ is -halo; R₄ is phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups; each R₆ is independently —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, (3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH(halo), —CN, —OH, -halo, —N₃,—NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇; each R₇ is independently —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or —CH₂(halo); and each halo is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I.
 31. The compound of claim 30, wherein the R₄ phenyl is unsubstituted.
 32. The compound of claim 30, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted at the 4-position.
 33. The compound of claim 32, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group.
 34. The compound of claim 33, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is a tert-butyl group.
 35. The compound of claim 33, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is an iso-propyl group.
 36. The compound of claim 32, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —CF₃ group.
 37. The compound of claim 32, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —OCF₃ group.
 38. The compound of claim 30, wherein R₁ is —Cl.
 39. The compound of claim 38, wherein the R₄ phenyl is unsubstituted.
 40. The compound of claim 38, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted at the 4-position.
 41. The compound of claim 40, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group.
 42. The compound of claim 41, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is a tert-butyl group.
 43. The compound of claim 41, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is an iso-propyl group.
 44. The compound of claim 40, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —CF₃ group.
 45. The compound of claim 40, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —OCF₃ group.
 46. The compound of claim 30, wherein R₁ is —F.
 47. The compound of claim 46, wherein the R₄ phenyl is unsubstituted.
 48. The compound of claim 46, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted at the 4-position.
 49. The compound of claim 48, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group.
 50. The compound of claim 49, wherein the —(C₁ -C₆) alkyl group is a tert-butyl group.
 51. The compound of claim 49, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is an iso-propyl group.
 52. The compound of claim 48, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —CF₃ group.
 53. The compound of claim 48, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —OCF₃ group.
 54. A compound of formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: A is —NH—, —N(C₁-C₆)alkyl-, or —N—(O—C₁-C₆alkyl)-; n is 0; m is 1; R₃ is —CH₃; R₁ is —CH₃; R₄ is phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups; each R₆ is independently —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, (3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH(halo), —CN, —OH, -halo, —N₃,—NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇; each R₇ is independently —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or —CH₂(halo); and each halo is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I.
 55. The compound of claim 54, wherein the R₄ phenyl is unsubstituted.
 56. The compound of claim 54, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted at the 4-position.
 57. The compound of claim 56, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group.
 58. The compound of claim 57, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is a tert-butyl group.
 59. The compound of claim 57, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is an iso-propyl group.
 60. The compound of claim 56, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —CF₃ group.
 61. The compound of claim 56, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —OCF₃ group.
 62. The compound of claim 1, wherein: n is 0; m is 1; R₃ is —CH₃; R₁ is -halo; and R₄ is phenyl.
 63. The compound of claim 62, wherein the R₄ phenyl is unsubstituted.
 64. The compound of claim 62, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted at the 4-position.
 65. The compound of claim 64, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group.
 66. The compound of claim 65, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is a tert-butyl group.
 67. The compound of claim 65, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is an iso-propyl group.
 68. The compound of claim 64, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —CF₃ group.
 69. The compound of claim 64, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —OCF₃ group.
 70. The compound of claim 62, wherein R₁ is —Cl.
 71. The compound of claim 70, wherein the R₄ phenyl is unsubstituted.
 72. The compound of claim 70, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted at the 4-position.
 73. The compound of claim 72, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group.
 74. The compound of claim 73, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is a tert-butyl group.
 75. The compound of claim 73, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is an iso-propyl group.
 76. The compound of claim 72, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —CF₃ group.
 77. The compound of claim 72, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —OCF₃ group.
 78. The compound of claim 62, wherein R₁ is —F.
 79. The compound of claim 78, wherein the R₄ phenyl is unsubstituted.
 80. The compound of claim 78, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted at the 4-position.
 81. The compound of claim 80, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group.
 82. The compound of claim 81, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is a tert-butyl group.
 83. The compound of claim 81, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is an iso-propyl group.
 84. The compound of claim 80, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —CF₃ group.
 85. The compound of claim 80, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —OCF₃ group.
 86. The compound of claim 1, wherein: n is 0; m is 1; R₁ is —CH₃; and R₄ is phenyl.
 87. The compound of claim 86, wherein the R₄ phenyl is unsubstituted.
 88. The compound of claim 86, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted at the 4-position.
 89. The compound of claim 88, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group.
 90. The compound of claim 89, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is a tert-butyl group.
 91. The compound of claim 89, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is an iso-propyl group.
 92. The compound of claim 88, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —CF₃ group.
 93. The compound of claim 88, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —OCF₃ group.
 94. A compound of formula (III):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: A is —NH— or —N(C₁-C₆)alkyl-; n is 0; m is 1; R₃ is —CH₃; R₁ is -halo; R₄ is phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups; each R₆ is independently —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, (3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH(halo), —CN, —OH, -halo, —N₃,—NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇; each R₇ is independently —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or —CH₂(halo); and each halo is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I.
 95. The compound of claim 94, wherein the R₄ phenyl is unsubstituted.
 96. The compound of claim 94, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted at the 4-position.
 97. The compound of claim 96, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group.
 98. The compound of claim 97, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is a tert-butyl group.
 99. The compound of claim 97, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is an iso-propyl group.
 100. The compound of claim 96, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —CF₃ group.
 101. The compound of claim 96, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —OCF₃ group.
 102. The compound of claim 94, wherein R₁ is —Cl.
 103. The compound of claim 102, wherein the R₄ phenyl is unsubstituted.
 104. The compound of claim 102, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted at the 4-position.
 105. The compound of claim 104, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group.
 106. The compound of claim 105, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is a tert-butyl group.
 107. The compound of claim 105, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is an iso-propyl group.
 108. The compound of claim 104, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —CF₃ group.
 109. The compound of claim 104, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —OCF₃ group.
 110. The compound of claim 94, wherein R₁ is —F.
 111. The compound of claim 110, wherein the R₄ phenyl is unsubstituted.
 112. The compound of claim 110, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted at the 4-position.
 113. The compound of claim 112, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group.
 114. The compound of claim 113, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is a tert-butyl group.
 115. The compound of claim 113, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is an iso-propyl group.
 116. The compound of claim 112, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —CF₃ group.
 117. The compound of claim 112, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —OCF₃ group.
 118. A compound of formula (III):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: A is —NH— or —N(C₁-C₆)alkyl-; n is 0; m is 1; R₃ is —CH₃; R₁ is —CH₃; R₄ is phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups; each R₆ is independently —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, (3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH(halo), —CN, —OH, -halo, —N₃,—NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇; each R₇ is independently —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or —CH₂(halo); and each halo is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I.
 119. The compound of claim 118, wherein the R₄ phenyl is unsubstituted.
 120. The compound of claim 118, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted at the 4-position.
 121. The compound of claim 120, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group.
 122. The compound of claim 121, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is a tert-butyl group.
 123. The compound of claim 121, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is an iso-propyl group.
 124. The compound of claim 120, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —CF₃ group.
 125. The compound of claim 120, wherein the R₄ phenyl is substituted with a —OCF₃ group.
 126. A composition comprising an effective amount of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 30 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 127. A method for preparing a composition, comprising the step of admixing a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 30 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 128. A composition comprising an effective amount of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 54 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 129. A method for preparing a composition, comprising the step of admixing a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 54 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 130. A composition comprising an effective amount of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 94 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 131. A method for preparing a composition, comprising the step of admixing a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 94 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 132. A composition comprising an effective amount of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 118 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 133. A method for preparing a composition, comprising the step of admixing a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 118 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 134. The compound of claim 24, wherein: n is 0; t is 0; m is 0; and Ar₂ is phenyl.
 135. The compound of claim 134, wherein the Ar₂ phenyl is unsubstituted.
 136. The compound of claim 134, wherein the Ar₂ phenyl is substituted at the 4-position.
 137. The compound of claim 136, wherein the Ar₂ phenyl is substituted with a —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group.
 138. The compound of claim 137, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is a tert-butyl group.
 139. The compound of claim 137, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is an iso-propyl group.
 140. The compound of claim 136, wherein the Ar₂ phenyl is substituted with a —CF₃ group.
 141. The compound of claim 136, wherein the Ar₂ phenyl is substituted with a —OCF₃ group.
 142. The compound of claim 24, wherein: n is 0; t is 0; m is 1; R₃ is methyl; and Ar₂ is phenyl.
 143. The compound of claim 142, wherein the Ar₂ phenyl is unsubstituted.
 144. The compound of claim 142, wherein the Ar₂ phenyl is substituted at the 4-position.
 145. The compound of claim 144, wherein the Ar₂ phenyl is substituted with a —-(C₁-C₆) alkyl group.
 146. The compound of claim 145, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is a tert-butyl group.
 147. The compound of claim 145, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is an iso-propyl group.
 148. The compound of claim 144, wherein the Ar₂ phenyl is substituted with a —CF₃ group.
 149. The compound of claim 144, wherein the Ar₂ phenyl is substituted with a —OCF₃ group.
 150. The compound of claim 27, wherein: n is 0; t is 0; m is 0; and Ar₂ is phenyl.
 151. The compound of claim 150, wherein the Ar₂ phenyl is unsubstituted.
 152. The compound of claim 150, wherein the Ar₂ phenyl is substituted at the 4-position.
 153. The compound of claim 152, wherein the Ar₂ phenyl is substituted with a —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group.
 154. The compound of claim 153, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is a tert-butyl group.
 155. The compound of claim 153, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is an iso-propyl group.
 156. The compound of claim 152, wherein the Ar₂ phenyl is substituted with a —CF₃ group.
 157. The compound of claim 152, wherein the Ar₂ phenyl is substituted with a —OCF₃ group.
 158. The compound of claim 27, wherein: n is 0; t is 0; m is 1; R₃ is methyl; and Ar₂ is phenyl.
 159. The compound of claim 158, wherein the Ar₂ phenyl is unsubstituted.
 160. The compound of claim 158, wherein the Ar₂ phenyl is substituted at the 4-position.
 161. The compound of claim 160, wherein the Ar₂ phenyl is substituted with a —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group.
 162. The compound of claim 161, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is a tert-butyl group.
 163. The compound of claim 161, wherein the —(C₁-C₆) alkyl group is an iso-propyl group.
 164. The compound of claim 160, wherein the Ar₂ phenyl is substituted with a —CF₃ group.
 165. The compound of claim 160, wherein the Ar₂ phenyl is substituted with a —OCF₃ group. 